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Say ‘No democracy no loan. No human rights no donation’. An appeal to the loaner and donor countries of the world
March/21/2000
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On behalf of the Mongol National Organization (MNO) and myself; I the Founder President of this organization request you to the loaner and donor countries of the world and SARC countries. Please give pressure to the palace and it’s govt. for democratization in politics and give human rights at earliest possible. And tell them to give up racial discrimination against mulbasi (indigenous) non-Hindu Mongol people of Nepal. Mulbasi (indigenous) doesn’t mean Adibasi (emigrants) and janjatese (gypsy, nomad). Adibasi and janjatese are not mulbasi (indigenous). Nepal’s real political battle is based not on ideology but on race and religion. The political battle of Nepal is based on Indo-Aryan Hindu Vs, non-hindu mulbasi (indigenous) Mongol. So, it makes not much difference with the system of despotic family shah rule, Rana family regime, panchayat system and multiparty system. Unless this country will have no republican, secularism and province wise government racism will continue. Republican, secularism and province wise government opens the first phase of democracy and human rights and it helps us to break racial discrimination. Hindu Aryan rulers are imperialist to this country. So, they can not even think for the rights and human rights of the mulbasi (indigenous) Mongol people in Nepal. This is an authentic prove since 1559 AD to update. In 1990, multiparty system restored and I went to the office of the election commission to submit application of MNO for recognize of Mongol NationalOrganization. But application was turned down. And I requested some foreign journalist about my problems, later I was called on by some of the members of election commission and had a long chat with me. Then the official took my application 15 minutes before the office close. But Mongol National Organization (MNO) was not recognized only because of the name Mongol and I am a Budhist. I know it is absolutely not justice not only for me but also for all mulbasi (indigenous) Mongol people of Nepal and it is absolute violation of human rights and the political rights of our people introduced by united nation.
Election commission used the article 113 (3) of so called constitution and it was used wrongfully and forcefully against me. In fact this sub article of the article can not be used to non-Hindus and Mongol, Budhist, Muslim, Christian, Sick and Jain are not Hindu. In fact this so called constitution is not constitution but tripartite agreement of palace baun chetri, congress baun chetri and communist baun chetri. In search of democracy and human rights; I spent another one decade since 1990 to 2000 but in vain. The following efforts of ten years are some of the burning examples and attitude of racist rulers of every where in this country. At last with my last hope as well as my last effort; I am before you loaner and donor country. As such are my efforts just before taking final decision of do or perish move and bring forward declaration of arms movement or arms struggle for a holy battle for the salvation of century old suppression and oppression of racist Hindu Aryan imperialist on us. It will be first and last battle against invader; racist Hindu Aryan. In case of our victory, we will gain many things those were lost long ago; but if we lost the battle we will lose nothing except our life. I have left no stone unturned to restore our rights those are democracy and human rights but it is made crying in the wilderness. The following are my efforts in a decade and I have submitted here some documents about the meaning of Mulbasi (indigenous), Adibasi (emigrants), Janjatese (gypsy) and I have also attached here with some documents. It clears how the gypsies (Janjatese) are cheating outsideworld in the name of mulbasi (indigenous). What is the Janjatese (gypsy) conspiracy and population in Nepal and reason of cheating also are sent with this letter. As such are my efforts of one decade:-
1. After turning down recognize of Mongol National Organization (MNO); I went to Supreme Court for justice and human rights and spent five long years from single bench to review bench but in vain. I found every where is racial discrimination.
2. I went to the election twice thinking that my voice can be raised in the Parliament, which will be the mulbasi (indigenous) voice for justice and human rights. But in view of money power and political power and very poor thinking of grass roots I failed twice. Conspiracy against me was hunting me; just to make me desperate and frighten. The congress candidate through his hooligans spread rumor of my head was 10 million (one crore) rupees. Due to floating of congress money some of the ruffians took MNO flag from the mast and put congress flag at night. It was done so just to confuse my voters. A murderer was accompanied to congress candidate and his supporter and used him just to disturb my election campaign as well as mass meeting. The congress candidate gave useless and false assurance to the youth and said they will be sent to Arab country for job. Beside this kinds of filthy practice then Prime minister visited my constituency by helicopter just to give the people handsome assurance and hope.
3. The UML communist gangster campaign filthy role against me. They say me foreigner. It was like that of the role played by BJP in India against MS Sonia Gandhi. What a pity, even the candidate and his education campaigner do not no the meaning of foreigner. In such a practice the hooligans of congress and UML communist attacked Mongol National Organization (MNO) candidates at Dolkha district and one of the candidates waskidnapped by congress hooligans from 11 AM to 7 PM and prevented him from being filling nomination. These are some of the burning examples of democracy as well as huaman rights to mulbasi (indigenous) in Nepal.
4. I have been fighting for democracy and human rights openly since 1980; by writing books, articles, through organizing and delivering speeches etc. I was arrested under treason act in 1988 and was sent to prison for three years and released after the restoration of multiparty system in 1990.
5. First phase of removing racism in Nepal this country should follow up policy of republican, secularism and province wise govt. Thus, I appealed to the king to remain life president and declare secularism and province wise govt in 1995. But no response yet. No Nepali papers from Nepal give any news about MNO and myself. But some Indian English and Hindi paper published from India. I requested to two major parties leaders Mr. Girja Pd Koirala and late Mr. Man Mohan Adikari to put forward proposal of constitutional amendment so that MNO will be recognized. But the racist leaders were mum.
6. The HIndu king of Nepal is the emblem of racist, imperialist and family ruler like Rana. Nepal is made one of the poorest countries of the world from the time of single panchayat party system. Racial discrimination is deep rooted and corruption, nepotism, communalism is imposed from upward to down ward. More than 53% people are in below poverty level. That means more than 10 million (one crore) people are in below poverty level and they are mulbasi (indigenous) Mongol people. There is no power to control corruption, nepotism and racial discrimination because of vested interest of power politics.
7. A and B class Hindu Aryan are fighting for power and chair: I have been fighting for country, identity, justic, republican andsecularism country and province wise govt and human rights. Janjatese (gypsy) are looking for merciful bread and bone from their boss of Rajastan. Status of janjatese in Hindu society is below the dog. Because they are ati sudra or sub caste.
8. There is no difference in race and religion between the king and people of other countries where as in Nepal is not such country. Here is a vast difference in Nepal between Mongol and Hindu Aryan. The political change of Nepal in 1951 was nothing but transference of ruling power from one despotic family ruler to another alike ruler.
9. All anti national ie race, religion, dress, flag, anthem, culture, calendar, language, script etc; are made national in Nepal and national are suppressed and everything belonging to them imposed forcefully to the mulbasi (indigenous) Mongol people.
10. Corruption and loan is at the peak of Mount Everest and democracy and human rights are at dead bed. Country is in mortgage but the grass roots have no idea about loan, donation and the root cause of their poverty. The few corrupt people are enjoying every facility.
11. Nepali king is the king of minority (20%) Hindu only. Democracy mean by the people of the people and for the people and secularism is one of the pillars of democracy. In Nepal king is neither by the people nor of the people nor for the people and it is a communal and racial Hindu kingdom. Hindu kingdom means a common graveyard to non-Hindu people.
12. I appeal to all the republican and secularism lover of the universe; loaner and donor countries and banks to allow my appeal and help my noble cause.
13. As I have mentioned above that my battle is for the country, identity, democracy, justice and human rights. Because we the mulbasi (indigenous) people are in grave danger and the article 4(1) of so called Hindu racial constitution has made us countryless like Jews people before 1948; near about five decades ago. Article 27(1) has reserved right to say Hindu Aryan but prevented us to say Mongol and article 113(3) is imposed upon non-Hindu people and stands barrier against our organization rights.
14. I am waiting a hope full and helpful response from the universal democrats and human rights activists; especially from the loaner and donor countries.
15. Incase of not getting help for my noble cause than I will be bound to move forward with arms for a holy battle to get rid of the hell of racial as well as communal Hindu domination. Before this we may burn anti-national dress, constitution, flag, calendar and photographs etc. If it happens so, we will not be called terrorist but we will be fighting against the racist ruler and terrorism against us. Army may be moved either in civil dress or in army uniform. A hug budget spent for army every year and this army is kept not to resist any foreign invasion but to suppress own people.
Thanks
Post Box 2828, Kathmandu Gopal Gurung
Nepal Founder President
Tel: (977-1)523311 Mongol National Organization
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klxnf] ax'bn kl5 hGd]sf, k8]sf, j8]sf x's]{sf / bf]>f] ax'bn kl5 hGd]/ k8]
a8] x's]{sf, nf]st+q / u0ft+qsf] ljrf/df pSn]sf gj lk9Lsf a[xb g]kfnL
;d'bfonfO{ km/j/Ls]f klxnf] lbg ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] vf]l;Psf /xn kxn df}lns
clwsf/ oyf lz3| g} lkmtf{ u/L n]Vg], jf]Ng], lx+88"n ug]{ (Freedom of Press,
Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Movement) clwsf/ lkmtf{ ul/g' k5{ / /fhg}lts g]tfx?nfO{
ljgf ;t{ 5fl8g k5{ . clxn] a'l4lhjL / nf]st+qjfbL g]kfnL hgtfsf] lgDtL e|i6rf/
rf;f]sf] klxnf] ljifo xf]OgÙ rf;f]sf] klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] df}lns
clwsf/ lkmtf{ x'g' kg]{ . ca t cefjdf efp kfPsf / c?n] n8]/ sfvdf k'/fO lbPsf]
ax'bn Joj:yfnfO{ df:g] ck/fwLx? dWo]df ltgLx? klg x'g / multiparty alone does
not mean democracy eGg] s'/fsf] kf7 w]/ yf]/ a'em\g] k|of; u/] xf]nfg . j[xb g]kfnL
;d'bfo hf] k|hfjf6 hgtf x'g] hdsf]{ ul//x]sf 5g\, ltgLx?sf] kIfdf jf]n]/
/fhg}}lts kf6L{ lkmtf{ ug]{ km/j/L klxnf] lbgb]lv ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] n'l6Psf]
df}lns clwsf/ oyflz3| lkmtf{ ul/lbg] ljifodf jf]lnlbg] ;Dk"0f{ ?kn]
n'l6Psf] df}lns clwsf/ oyflz3| g} lkmtf{ ul/lbg] ljifodf jf]lnlbg] / To;k|lt
ulx/f] rf;f] /fvL e"ldsf v]lnlbg] /fi6«x? cd]l/sf, ef/t, a]nfot nufotsf
o"/f]k]nL d'n'sx?nfO{ d nufot d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] tkm{af6 ;fFr} g}
xflb{s wGojfb JoQm u5{' . d}n] a'em]sf] 5' tL; aif]{ Pst+GqLo k+rfot zfif0fn]
g]kfnsf j[xb ;d'bfonfO{ ztfJbLcf}+} k5f8L ws]nL lbPsf] 5 / xfd|f] lgDtL
k"0f{ /fht+q, /f0fft+q, sDo'lgi6t+q / ;}lgst+q cnu cnu gfdsf] Pp6} t+q xf]
. km]l/ klg d hf]8 lbP/ eG5' ;Dk"0f{ /fhaGbL, aGbL kqsf/ a'l4lhjLx?nfO{
oyf lz3| l/xf
u/]/ ax'bn / df}lns clwsf/ cljnDa lkmtf{ ul/of]; g]kfnnfO{ laZj s} a[xb h]ndf
kl/0ft ug]{ cb"/bzL{ sfd /fhfaf6 / s;}af6 klg gxf];\ .
–uf]kfn u'?ª
k|]l;8]06, d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfO{h]zg
s]Gb|Lo ;ef
lgjf{rg cfof]u * d] @))%
sfGtLky, sf7df8f}+
ljifoM /fhg}lts bn ;DaGwL P]g @)%* nfO{ Wofglbg cfjZos k|lt Wofgfsif{0f ug{ rfx]sf] .
lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^@–!–!%, rnfgL g+ !^)$ k|fKt eP kl5 d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgn] btf{ gkfpg] ;DaGwdf lgDg a'+bfx?k|lt lrQ ga'em]sf]n] cfof]usf] Wofg k'gM Ps kN6 cfsif{0f ug{ rfx]sf] 5' .
!= bnsf] btf{ ;DaGwL >L % dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf] zfif0f sfnsf] klxnf] aif{df ;+;bn] g} of] P]g jgfPsf]n] o; cg's'n 5 ls 5}g eGg]df cfof]un] hf]8 lbg'kg]{ xf] g ls clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!@, !!# nfO sf]6ofpg cfjZos 5 .
@= d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] !)–!@ aif{ cl3sf] ljrf/ / ljwfgdf w]/} km/s cfO;s]sf] 5 / æjt{dfg ljwfg s] s:tf] 5Æ To;df Wofgfsif{0f x'g' kg]{ xf] / k'/fg} s'/f sf]6ofP/ To;}df /f]dln/xg' gkg]{ xf] .
#= d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgnfO{ x]g]{ / ljrf/g] cfof]usf] ;}nL k'/fg} /flvg] xf] eg] of] ;+sL{0ftfn] / k"j{u|fxL (bias) ;f]rfO / x]/fO{n] eljiodf d'n'snfO{ a]kmfObf g} u5{ oåkL d'7Le/ :jfyL{x?nfO{ tTsfn kmfObf unf{ === o;} ;Gbe{df cfof]un] lzj;]gf / === uf]vf{ === nfO{ btf{ lbPsf] tkm{ klg Wofg hfcf];\ .
$= jt{dfg k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmn] o;} dxLgfsf] klxnf] xKtflt/ e}/xjfdf jf]Ng' x'Fbf klg lgjf{rg P]g @)$& nfO{ xf]Og @)%* nfO{ hf]8 lbb} eGg'ePsf] 5, 7"nf bnx?nfO{ /fhgLlts bn ;DaGwL P]g @)%*cGtu{t tTsfn cfof]udf btf{ x'g ;d]t cfu|x ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] egfO lyof]Ù æ7"nf;lxt ! ;o @^ bn k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g @)$& df dfq btf{ ePsf 5g\,Æ o; egfOn] @)$& cf]em]ndf k/L dxTjxLg eO ;s]sf] / @)%* nfO{ dxTj / dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 .
%= d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgn] @)%* sf] ljwL k"j{s ;7Ls a'emfpg] sfd a}zfv !@, @)^@ df g} u/L ;s]sf] 5 / To;} lbg bkmf &-!_ adf]lhd ;a} kbflwsf/Lx?n] x:tfIf/ u/L bnsf] b'O k|lt ljwfg klg ;+nUg u/L cfof]u ;dIf lgj]bg lbO ;lsPsf] 5 eg] cfof]uaf6 k|]lift kqdf @)%* sf] bkmf &-!_ sf] k|Zg s;/L p7of] <
^= bnsf] ljwfg klg @)%* sf] bkmf $ adf]lhdg} a'emfpg] sfd ePsf] 5 eg] o; ljifodf klg k|Zg p7fpg' cfjZotf b]lvb}g .
&= d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] ljwfg klg bkmf % cg';f/g} algPsf] x'gfn] d cfof]unfO{ d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] ljwfg k'g Ps kN6 bf]xf]/ofP/ kl9lbg tkm{ Wofgfsif{0f ug{ rfxG5' .
*= cfof]unfO{ æd+uf]nÆ zAb g} sfp;f] (allergy) ePs]f xf] eg] :ki6 ;+u elgP c;n x'g] 5 . d+uf]nn] æd+uf]nÆ eGg'g} gkfpg] xf] eg] / blIf0f clk|msfdf g]n;g d08]nfsf] ANC (African National Congress) nfO{ uf]/f cfo{x?n] sfnf clk|msgx?nfO{ bafP/} /fv]tf klg / d08]nfnfO{ @& aif{ h]n ;hfo ef]ufPtf klg cflv/ ANC s} hLt ePsf] 5 / @& aif{ ;Dd bafP/ /fVg] uf]/f cfo{x?sf] National Party sf] ktg ePsf] ;a}sf] cl3 5n{+u 5 eg] g]kfndf klg sfnf] cfo{x?n] d+uf]nnfO{ cfk"m eGg glbP cjZog} b"/ufdL ;f]rfOdf s'c;/ g} kg]{5 eGg] d]/f] lbuf] ;f]rfO 5, cfof]usf] hf] ljrf/ .
uf]kfn u'?ª
k|]l;8]G8 d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg sf7df8+"
>L lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnf
cWoIf, g]kfnL s+u|];,
g]s sfof{no, 6]s'
sf7dfG8" .
laifo M ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx? ;+;f]wg ug]{ k|:tfj k];sf] cg'/f]w .
cWoIfHo',
;+a}wflgs wf/f !!# -#_ sf] cfwf/df d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgn] cfh;Dd lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 btf{ kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . of] wf/f !!# -#_ s'g} klg clxGb' d+uf]n, a'4L:6, lqm:rLog, d';ndfg, l;s / h}gnfO{ nfUg g;Sg] wf/f eP tf klg of] lxGb'–cfo{–wf/f pkwf/f clxGb' dfly klg nflbg] sfd ePsf] 5 / dfgj clwsf/sf] xTof/f klg agfOPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] s'g s'g a'Fbfx?dfly clwgfosafbL, tfgf;fxL k+rfot Aoj:yfsf /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] / ax'bn kl5sf /fhfsf] ->L %_ ;/sfn] x:tfIf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / cWoIfHo' :jo+n] klg k|wfg d+qLsf] x}l;otn] x:tfIf/ ug'{ ePsf] 5, Tof] t oxfFnfO{ ;+emgf u/fO/xg' gknf{ . æax'bnÆ eGg'sf] cy{ ædfgj clwsf/Æ xf]Og / xfdL ax';+Vos g]kfnLsf] lglDt To;df klg d'naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nx?sf] lglDt ax'bn Aoj:yf klg /fht+q, k+rfot t+q / k|hft+qdf s'g} km/s cfPsf] 5}g, dfq gfdsf] km/s 5 .
;+lawfgsf] wf/f !!# -#_ lxGb'x?sf] rf/ hft -!_ afx'g, -@_ 5]qL, -#_ a}:gj / -$_ ;'b|nfO{ nfu' x'g] wf/f xf] / lxGb'x?sf] hftaf6 hftL agfOPsf / hftL :jLsf/]sf sfdL, bdfO, ;fsL{ hghftL, ufOg], Rofd], kf]8] OToflbnfO{ dfq nfUg] wf/f xf] . hft / hftL eGg] ;Ab ;+;f/dfg} s]jn lxGb'x?df nfUg] zAb xf]Ù eGg] jf:tljstf klg d}n] elg/xg kb}{g . g]kfndf clxGb' d'naf;L d+uf]n ;d'bfon] cfkm' eP/ / cfkm' ag]/ cfkm' eg]/ afFRg' kfPsf] 5}g . o;sf/0f klg ax';+Vos d+uf]n au{sf] lglDt of] ;+lawfg sfuhsf] vf]:6f] dfq ePsf] 5 .
;+lawfgs} wf/f @& -!_ n]
5]qL /fhfsf] cf8df 5]qL afx'gn] ælxGb' cfo{Æ eGg] clwsf/ kfPsf] 5 / of] clwsf/
;'/lIft 5 . t/ d+uf]nnfOæclxGb', d'naf;L
d+uf]nÆ eGg] clwsf/af6 cfˆg} 3/df a+lrt ul/Psf] 5 . s:tf] la8+agf . o:tf]
e]befj / c;dfg Jojxf/ t ;fd|fHoafbL, a0f{–e]bL / /+u– e]bLx?af6 dfq To; d'n'ssf
d'naf;Lk|lt ul/G5 . ha ls g]kfnn] cGt/fli6«o d+rdf /+u–e]bsf] la/f]wdf / dfgj
clwsf/sf] kIfdf ;a}eGbf a];L cfjfh p7fpF5 / g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/ ;'/lIft ePsf]
ldYof gf6s u5{ . o;sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ wd{–lg/k]If /fi6« k|flGto :jottf 3f]if0ff
ug]{ / d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgn] klg btf{ kfpg] k|sf/sf] k|:tfj g]kfnL
s+u|];sf] tkm{af6 NofOof];\ / æg]s ;fFr}g} g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] a[xt lxtsf] kIfdf
5Æ, eGg] gd'gf k]; ul/of];\ eGg] cg'/f]w u5'{ . of] ;d:of o; ;do ltn hqf] 5 t/
eljiodf kxf8 hqf] aGg ;S5 / /fli6«o ;d:of aGg ;S5 . s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
;dodfg} x'g' / b'/bzL{tf k'a{s x'g' a'l4dfgL 7x5{ / æk]|:6Lh O;'Æ (Prestige issue) eO;s]kl5 To;n] cs}{ ?k
wf/g u/]sf] x'G5 eGg] tYok|lt klg ;hutf /xf];\ eGg] cg'/f]w u5'{ . Pj+
/Ltn] Ps aif{cl3 cfhs} lbgdf -h'nfO{ !%, !((&_ d}n] Pdfn] cWoIfnfO{ klg
To;tfsf klxnf] ax'dtdf ePsf] sf/gn] Pj+
/Lts} kq k7fpg] sfd u/]sf] eP tf klg To;k|lt pxfFn] s'g} rf;f] lng'ePsf] b]lvPg
.
wGoafb
tfM h'nfO !%, !((*
k|lt k|:t'tM
!_ >L % dxf/fhflw/fh
/fhb/jf/, gf/fo0f lx6L uf]kfn u'?ª
@_ >L ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf ;+:yfks k|]l;8]06,
cWoIf, /fk|kf d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg
#_ >L dgdf]xg clwsf/L
cWoIf, Pdfn], aNv'
$_ >L nf]s]Gb| axfb'/ rGb
gofF /fk|kf
%_ >LdtL ;xfgf k|wfg
cWoIf, dfn]
kf]:6 aS; @*@*, sf7df08"=
kmf]g – %@##!!
cWoIfHo", !% h'nfO{, !((&
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -g]skf_ #! c;f/, @)%$
Plss[t dfS;{afbL n]lngafbL -Pdfn]_
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aNv'
sf7df08"
laifo
M ;+a}wflgs
wf/fx?df ;+zf]wg u/L d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg
-PdPgcf]_ nfO{ btf{ x'g] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ cg'/f]w .
cWoIfHo",
;+;f/df g} sDo'lg:6 bz{g
hGdfpg] sfn{ dfS;{, dfS;{sf] d[To'sf] !# aif{ kl5 hGd]/ dfS;{sf] bz{gnfO{
:tDesf] ?kdf pEofpg' ;Sg] /l;og d+uf]n g]tf n]lng, oL b'j} ;+;f/ ysf{pg] dxfg
JolQmTjx?nfO{ lgd{dtf k"j{s bafpg] / qm'/tf k"j{s ;tfpg] sfddf s'g}
klg s;/ afFsL /fVg kl5 gk/]sf hf/ t+q -/fh ;+:yf_ nfO{ h/}blv pv]n]/ km]+Sg oL
b'O{n] klg s'g} s;/ afFsL /fv]gg\ . oL b'j} hf/ zf;gn] -/fht+q_ ;tfOPsf
e'Qmef]uLx? x'g = wd{nfO{ dfS;{n] æclkmdÆ eGy] . æsDo'lg:6x? ;a} yl/sf wd{sf]
lagf;sf] lglDt pleG5g\Æ eGy] . æ;fFrf] sDo'lg:6x? /fHolxg / au{lxg ;dfh ;[hgf
ug{ rfxG5g\Æ eGy] . æTo; afx]ssfx? gSsnL x'g\Æ eGy] . (Religion is the opium of the
people. Communists stand for the abolition of all religions. Real communists
intend to set up a stateless and classless society. Others are imitative.) sfn{dfS;{ eGg'x'GYof] æau{ ;+3if{ clgjfo{ 5, wgL / u/La
dfem ;+emf}tf x'g} ;Qm}g . wgLx?nfO{ u/Lax?n] h/}blv pv]Ng' k5{Æ . (Class war is inevitable. There can
be no compromise between the rich and the poor. The rich must be exterminated
by the poor.) /l;og
d++uf]n sDo'lg:6 :tDe n]lng eGy], æa'h'{jfOh ;+;b eg]sf]
laZjf;3ftL / b'i6x?sf] kf6L{ xf], h;n] hgtfnfO{ qmflGtsf] af]qm] -df}lvs_
dfGotf dfq lbP/ wf]sf lbg] sfd u5{Æ= (Bourgeois Parliament is a party of traitors and scoundrels
which deceives the people by the verbal recognition of revolution.) dfS;{ / P+hN;n] sDo'l:6 3f]if0ffkq
(Communist Manifesto) k|sflzt u/]sf] !$( aif{ eO;s]sf] 5
-!*$* df k|sflzt
u/]sf lyP_ . g]kfn h:tf] clasl;t, 5}6f}+af6 bf];|f] u/La d'n's agfOPsf]
d'n'ssf] lglDt, hxfFsf u/La / clzlIft hgtf ;f]+Rb5g æsDo'lgi6 ;/sf/ eg]sf] xfdL
h:tf] u/La / lgd'vfx?sf] ;/sf/ xf]Æ . o:tf] d'n's / hgtfsf] lglDt sDo'lgi6
3f]if0ff kq ;fFlrs} zlQmzfnL / hfb'sf] krf{ xf], sfNklgs :ju{ (Utopia) xf] / k'/f]lxtx?af6 ;lhn} 7lug]
d"v{ ;dfhsf] lglDt d/] kl5 k'lug] :ju{ / csf]{ hGddf kfOg] ;'v klg xf] .
/l;ofdf sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/ aGof]Ù &% aif{;Dd Psnf}6L zfif0f u/] sDo'lgi6x?n] .
g]kfndf #) aif{ /fhf / k+rx?n] Psnf}6L zf;0f u/]/ d'n'snfO{ @ v/a l/0fdf 8'afP/
hgtfnfO{ s+ufn agfO{ g]kfnnfO{ ;+;f/s} bf];|f] u/La d'n's agfP/ d'7Le/n] ;a}
k|sf/sf] df]h u/] h:t} . t/ ToxfF sDo'lgi6 ckmfk l;4 eof] / nf]st+q k'HogLo
ePsf] 5 . dfS;{sf] Oxlnnf z]if ePsf] !!$ aif{ kl5 n]lngsf] d[To' ePsf] &#
aif{ kl5 g]kfndf e|:6rf/ / /fHo cft+sdf 3f]lnPsf] Pdfn] ax';+Vofdf cfPsf] 5
-k|x/L / l;l8of]af6 d'n'sJofkL ?kdf hgtfnfO{ cft+lst u/fP/_ .
o;kN6sf] Pdfn]sf] laho csfNklgs ?kdf ePsf] 5 . d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg -PdPgcf]_ sf] :jt+q pd]bjf/nfO{ r'gfj cl3 g} bf]nvfsf l;l8cf] e08f/Ln] kqm]/ cfˆgf] dt v;fpg' / :jt+q pd]bjf/df p7g] gful/s clwsf/af6 dfq a+lrt u/fPg t/ k'ln; lx/f;tsf] aGb sf]7fdf /fv]/ lgd{d ?kdf oftgf lbg] sfd klg ul/of] Ù /fOkmnsf] s'Gbfn] k]6df bvn k'Ug] u/L lkl6of] Ù o; ;do p sxfF 5 kQf] 5}g . h'g a]nf /l;ofdf n]lng sDo'lgi6 3f]if0ff kqsf] cfwf/df, /fht+q -hf/_sf] h/f] pv]n]/ km]+Sg] sfddf sDo'lgi6 /fHo :yfkgf ug]{ sfddf lbnf]Hofgn] vl6/x]sf lyP, To;tfsf 6«6:sL (Trotsky) h:tf a'h'{jfOh (bourgeois), ;fOns k|s[ltsf nfnrL, ;f]emf hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg], 7Ug] a'h'{jf kfln{ofd]06 / /fh;+:yfsf] hu]gf{ ug]{, sfod /fVg rfxg] -hf/ kIfsf_ JolQm klg sd/]8 eP/ n]lngsf] l;4fGtsf] la/f]wdf sfd ul//x]sf lyP . k/Gt' kl5 a[xt hgtfn] ;xL s'/f yfxf kfP kl5 p;nfO{ km]+lslbP / n]lngnfO{ g} ;fy lbPsf lyP .
ca g]kfndf dfS;{ / n]lng s} gfddf t/ dfS;{ / n]lngs} l;4fGtsf] / sDo'lgi6 3f]if0ff kqs} la/f]wdf pe]sf Pdfn] ;kmn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -g]skf_ Plss[t dfS;{afbL n]lngafbL Pdfn]nfO{ a[xb hgtfn] ef]ln s'g ?kdf x]g]{ xf], ;f] t ef]lns} Oltxf;n] atfpnf . /f]dflgofsf r]r]:s'nfO{ /f]dflgofs} afa' eGg nufpg] / p;sL >LdtLnfO{ /f]dflgofs} cfdf eGg' nufP/ cxFsf/ ug]{ /fi6«kltnfO{ ;xL cy{df a[xb hgtfn] s;/L ;hfo lbP Tof] xfd|f] cl3 36]sf] 36gf xf] .
g]kfnsf sDo'lgi6 g]tfx? laZjdf g} cgf}7f] lsl;dsf 5g\ . æsf]lx lutf k9]/ sDo'lgi6 eP+Æ eG5g\, sf]xL sfnf] af]sfsf] ef]u lbG5g, s'g} b'uf{ / r08Lsf] k'hf u5{g t sf]xL kz'kltnfO{ efsn u5{g\ / kz'kltgfys} zlQmn] Pdfn]sf] zlQm a9]sf] eG5g\ . ;fFr} eGg] xf] eg] laZjs} sDo'lgi6 / sDo'lgi6 ;dy{sx? cfP/ Pdfn] g]tfx?nfO{ PskN6 x]g'{ kg]{ eof] eg] sfnLsf] d"lt{ / kz'kltgfysf] l6sf nufpg' kg]{ Ù st} ;+;f/ g} sDo'lgi6 lxGb' aG5g ls < jf:tjdf s]nfP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt eg]sf] ;}4flGts /fhgLlt xf]Og . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt eg]sf] ;lx:g'tfsf] gfddf cfqmds e'ldsf v]Ng] lxGb'–cfo{ ;fd|fHoafbL;+u o; e"ldsf clxGb" d'naf;L d+uf]n / a'l4i6x?sf] n8fOF xf] Ù a0f{e]bL / /+ue]bL gLlt sfod /fv]/ cfˆgf] a0f{ / lxGb'afbsf] h/f] alnof] u/fpg rfxg]x? la?4sf] n8fOF xf]Ù kf6L{sf] gfd h];'s} lsg gxf];\ . ;fdGtLsf] dflns /fhfnfO{ klg /fVg] ;dfhafbsf] gf/f klg lbg] -Pdfn], s+u]|; b'j}n]_ of] u/La, zf]lift, lk8Lt hgtfnfO{ cem zf]if0f ug]{ / d'v{ agfpg] d'v{x?sf] gf/f eGbf k/ s]xL klg xf]Og / x'g} ;Qm}g . g]kfnsf hgtf dfemdf klg a[xb clzlIft / u/La agfOPsf clxGb" t/ ha/h:tL lxGb" elgPsf / agfOPsf d'naf;L d+uf]nx?n] cgle1tfs} sf/0faf6 klg sDo'lgi6n] b]vfPsf sfNklgs :ju{ (Utopia), 7u / laZjfif3ftL k'/f]lxtx?n] b]vfPsf d/] kl5 k'lug] :ju{, csf]{ hGdsf] ;'vsf] lglDt 7lug] hgtfn] dfS;{ / n]lngsf] gfddf >4fsf] km"nsf y'+ufx? r8fO/x]sf x'gg / tL x'g\ cfˆgf] dtsf] b'?kof]uÙ k|x/L / k|zfif0fsf] /fHo cft+saf6 afFRg] pkfo klg .
Pdfn]n] g]kfn leqfPsf] hgafb zAb lrgdf sDo'lgi6x?n] NofPsf] xf]Og t/ b'O{ xhf/ aif{ k'/fgf] d+r' /fht+qnfO{ kfFr} aif{df km]+s]/ nf]st+qsf] hu a;fpg ;kmn ePsf ;got ;]gåf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] zAb xf] . pgn] !(@$ df -s_ hgafb, -v_ hg /fi6«Lotfafb, -u_ hg hLljsfafbsf] gf/f lbPsf lyP . hgafbsf] cy{ lyof] hgtfsf] lglDt, hgtfåf/f, hgtfsf] zfif0f . kl5 oxL zAb lrgdf k|rlnt eof] / Pdfn]n] l6k]/ g]kfndf Nofof] . sfd h:tf] ;'s} eP klg gfd t 5 . g]kfndf lxhf]cfh gf}nf] -gofF_ hgafb ylkof] . o;sf] cy{ zfob /fhfnfO{ lz/df /fVg] / hgtfnfO{ ;dfhafbdf em'Sofpg ;lsg] elgPsf] x'g ;S5 . ;xL cy{df eGg] xf] eg] g]skf -Pdfn]_ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ g} xf]Og / dfn] -dfS;{ / n]lngafb_ t emg} xf]Og x'g} ;Qm}g .
g]kfndf a0f{e]bL, /+ue]bL, lxGb"
;fd|fHoafb, gfhLafb lxGb" /fi6« / d[t efiff ;+:s[t efiffsf kIfw/ / o;sf]
hu alnof] agfpg'df
/fi6«sf] ;DklQsf] b'?kof]u ul//fVg rfxg]x?n] afx'gafbL ;fdflhs Joj:yf (Brahminical Social Order) sf] bnbn] ef;df d'n'snfO{
km+;fO;s]sf 5g\ . t/ o;af6 d'n'ssf] lasf; x'g} ;Qm}g . o;sf/0f ltgLx?n] of]
s'/f ge'n'g\ ls /fi6«Lo /fhgLltdf ax';+Vos kf6L{sf] dfq uGtL x'Fb}g . (Majority party alone does not count
in national politic.)
b'O{ xhf/ aif{ k'/fgf] d+r' /fhtGqnfO{ kfFr aif{df g} ;+w}sf] lglDt km]+lslbg]
;got ;]gsf] kf6L{df ;b:ox? e/df/ lyPgg\ cf} pgsf] kf6L{ æt'+u d]+u x'OÆnfO{
btf{ lbPsf] lyPg . laZjs} csf]{ 36gf xf], blIf0f clk|msfsf] g]nzg d08]nfsf]
kf6L{ clk|msL g]zgn s+u]|; (ANC) n] klg
slxn} btf{ kfPg / a0f{e]bL gLlt, /+ue]bL gLltsf] hu alnof] /fVg rfxg] uf]/fx?n]
sfnfx?nfO{ cfk;df n8fpg], le8fpg], emu8f nufpg] sfddf vr{ ug{df / a'l4
lvofpg'df slxn] kl5 k/]gg\ Tolx gLlt nfu' 5 g]kfndf klg . Tolt dfq xf]Og g]nzgd08]nfnfO{ cfˆgf] hgtfaf6 Psnf] agfpg], cnUofpg], zf/Ll/s /
dfgl;s oftgf lbg] if8oGq ug{df klg uf]/fx? slxn] r's]gg\ . k/Gt' uf]/f
;fd|fHoafbLx?sf] l3gnfUbf] gLlt / ToxfFsf sfnf d'naf;Lx?sf] d'lQmsf] lglDt,
blIf0f clk|msL sfnfx?sf] cl:tTjsf] lglDt, cfˆgf] efUo /]vf cfkm} n]v]/ cfˆgf]
Oltxf; cfkm}n] vf]h]/ n]vL sfnfx?sf] efjL lk+8Lsf] ;'/lIft eljiosf] lglDt
;dlk{t, ;fxf;L, b'/bzL{, dxfg JolQmTj / axfb'/ g]nzg d08]nfn] #%) aif]{ k'/fgf]
uf]/f, ;fd|fHoafbL cfo{x?sf] zfif0fsf] h/f] pv]n]/ g} 5f8], /fi6«klt ag]/
;+;f/nfO{ b]vfOlbP . g]kfndf klg ;fd|fHoafbL lxGb" cfo{x?sf] gLlt /
zf]if0f oxfFsf clxGb" d'naf;Lx?k|lt To:t} g} 5 h:tf] blIf0f clk|msfsf]
lyof] . of] qmd at{dfg g]kfndf ;g !%%( b]lv yflnPsf] xf] .
cWoIfHo", o;sf/0f d Pdfn]
h:tf] ;a} b[li6n] ;zQm /x]sf] kf6L{n] at{dfg rln/x]s} clwa]zgdf ;+a}wflgs lgDg
a'+bfx?df ;+;f]wgsf] lglDt k|:tfa NofP/ d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgnfO{ klg æo;}
gfdaf6 btf{ ul/lbg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/lbof];\Æ eGg] rfxG5' / cg'/f]w klg ub{5''
. lsgeg] o; /fhg}lts ;+u7gn] btf{ gkfpg' / g]kfnnfO{ lxGb" /fi6« sfod
/fVg' cf}
/fVg vf]Hg' eljiodf Pp6f uDeL/ py'n k'y'n Nofpg] ;d:of aGg]5 . dnfO{ laZjfif 5,
g]kfnsf n't], nf+u|] kf6L{ / hgtfnfO{ x]Kg] ;a} alnof / k|Voft /fi6«afbL
kf6L{x?n] -Pdfn], s+u|];,/fk|kf / ;befjgf_ /fi6«s} lxtsf] lglDt b'O{ ltxfO
ax'dt k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{5g\, h;/L ;a} gbL gfnf ef/tsf] ;femf egfpg / agfpgdf,
dxfsfnL gbLnfO{ …t'd z/0fd uR5fdLÚ ul/lbg'df s'g} s;/ afFsL /fv]gg\ . d+uf]n
g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg -PdPgcf]_ nfO{ btf{ lbg'df afwf k'¥ofpg] wf/f !!# -#_ ;+;f]wg
ug'{ kg]{ jf x6fpg' kg]{ Ù g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6«sf] ;§f wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« agfO{
wd{nfO{ JolQmutdf l;ldt /fvL /fi6«nfO{ wd{d'Qm agfpg' kg]{, k|fGtLo ;/sf/
agfpg] tkm{ ;a}sf] ;xof]u k'Ug] g} 5 . g]kfnsf clxGb" d'naf;L d+uf]n,
clxGb" a'l4i6, clxGb" l;s, d';ndfg / lqmlZrognfO{ lxGb" wf/f /
P]g nufOg' x'Gg . at{dfg ;+lawfgdf -jf:tjdf of] ;+lawfg ;+lawfg geP/ lxGb"
cfo{x?sf] g]kfndf clxGb" d'naf;L d+uf]n, a'l4i6,
lqmlZrog, d'l:nd / l;sx?dfly /lrPsf] if8oGqsf] lqkIfLo ;+emf}tf kq jf 3f]if0ff
kq xf]_ lxGb" /fi6« ePs} sf/0fn] clxGb" a'l4i6, lqmlZrog,
d';ndfgx?dfly cTofrf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5Ù dfgj clwsf/, gful/s clwsf/ sfuhsf]
vf]i6fdf l;ldt 5 Ù a0f{e]bL / /+ue]bL gLlt oyfjt /flvPsf] 5 . lxGb" /fi6«
/ lxGb" ;+lawfg eg]sf] g} e]befj ug]{ zAb xf] . d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOg]zg
-PdPgcf]_sf] btf{sf] lglDt d lgjf{rg cfof]udf k'u]+ btf{ kfOg+ . oxL d'2f lnP/
;af]{Rr cbfnt k'u]+ Ù dfgj clwsf/, gful/s clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] / a0f{e]bL gLlt
/+ue]bL gLlts} sf/0fn] d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgn] btf{ gkfPsf]n] Gofo dfUg
;af]{Rr cbfntdf tLg aif{ d'2f wfP+, t/ Gofo kfOg+ . ;+lawfgsf]
wf/f !!# sf] pkwf/f -#_, lxGb"nfO{ dfq nfu' x'g ;S5, xfdL clxGb"nfO{
nfu' x'g} ;Qm}g . To;df :ki6 ls6fg ul/Psf] 5M æhft, hfltÆ eg]/ æ;fDk|bflosÆ
eg]/ . hft, hflt eg]sf] t ;+;f/df g} lxGb"x?df dfq x'G5 . lxGb'x?df rf/
hft 5g\ M afx'g, 5]qL, a}i0fj / z'b| . a}i0fj / z'b|x? kfkof]gL cyf{t cg}lts
sfdaf6 hGd]sfx?nfO{ elgG5 . hft (caste) af6 tn v;fOPkl5 hflt algG5 (sub-caste) . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df cf7j6f hflt 5g\ Ù tL x'g M wf]aL, sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{, hghflt, ufOg],
Rofd], kf]8] . pQm wf/fsf] pkwf/f logLx?nfO{ dfq nfu' x'G5 . csf]{ s'/f
;fDk|bflostfsf] k|Zg 5 . ;fDk|bflostfsf] kl/efiff s] < ;fDk|bflossf]
kl/efiff xf] M Pp6f /];, Pp6f wd{, Pp6f efiffnfO{ dfq lhljt /fv]/ æcfkm"
zfif0f ug{ hGd]sf], c? rflx+ zfl;t x'gsf] lglDtÆ eg]/ cfˆgf] >]i7tf sfod
ug]{ / k|e'Tjafbdf c?nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ sfd, h'g hd{gLdf lx6n/n] u/]sf lyP Ù
g]kfndf afx'g 5]qLn] u/]sf 5g\ Ù To;nfO{ ;fDk|bflostf elgG5 . d+uf]nn] æd+uf]nÆ
eGg' / cfˆgf] clwsf/ vf]Hg' ;fDk|fbflostf xf]Og . clwsf/ vf]Hg' r]tgzLntfsf]
gd'gf xf] . o;} ;+lawfgsf] wf/f @& -!_ /fhfsf] ;DaGwdf cfo{ / lxGb"
zAb k|of]u ePsf] 5 . lxGb" cfo{x?n] ælxGb" cfo{Æ eGg] clwsf/ kfPsf
5g\ Ù t/ d+uf]nn] æclxGb" d+uf]nÆ eGg' lsg gkfpg] < of] u+le/ k|Zgdfly
;dodfg} ;a}sf] Wofg cfslif{t x'g' cTofj+Zos 5 . ef/tsf afx'g
hftLo kf6L{ (BJP) nfO{ ef/t el/sf a'l4hLljx?n] lsg ;fDk|bflos elg/x]sf 5g\
< To;af6 g]kfnsf kf6L{ g]tfx?n] ;dodf g} kf7 l;Sg' k5{ .
lgDg lnlvt wf/fx? x6fpg' / ;+zf]wg ug'{ k5{M
!_ ;+lawfgdf pNn]lvt ælxGb" /fi6«Æ -lxGb"x?sf] dfq /fi6«_sf] 7fpFdf æwd{ lg/k]If /fi6«Æ agfOg' k5{ .
@_ k|fGtLo ;/sf/ ;[hgf ul/g' k5{ .
#_ ;+lawfgsf] wf/f $ -&_ sf] ælxGb"Æ ;+lawfgdf n]lvPsf] ælxGb"Æ zAb x6fOg' k5{ .
$_ ;+lawfgsf]
k|:tfjgfdf n]lvP cg';f/ dfgj clwsf/, :jtGq / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df elgPsf] eP tf
klg ælxGb"Æ zAb / ælxGb"
/fi6«Æ g} g]kfnsf ;a} dfgj k|f0fLdfly laefhg Nofpg] / To;} cg';f/ lavfn'
jftfj/0f km}nfpg] x'gfn] ;+lawfgaf6 lxGb" zAb g} x6fpg] . ælxGb" wd{Æ
elgg] lalQs} æafx'g wd{Æ eGg] a'lemG5 / lxGb"afbsf] 6fpsf] afx'g xf] eGg]
s'/f laZjnfO{ yfxf 5 . of] afbsf] ;+/Ifs 5]qL x'g\ . lxGb"afb jf:tjdf
lxGb" wd{ g} xf]Og / of] ;gftgLx?sf] a0f{e]bL, /+ue]bL, gLltsf] d'xfg xf]
.
%_ wf/f @& sf] -!_ df n]lvPsf] æcfo{Æ zAb / ælxGb"Æ zAb g} x6fOg' kg]{ . lxGb" cfo{x?n] -;fd|fHoafbLx?n]_ cfkm"nfO{ ælxGb" cfo{Æ eGg] clwsf/ ;+lawfgdf -a0f{e]bL gLlt, /+ue]bL gLltsf ;+/Ifs if8o+qsf/Lx?n] lqkIfLo ;+emf}tf kq_ g} ;'/lIft /flvG5 eg] d'naf;L, clxGb", cgfo{ d+uf]nx?n] cfˆg} d'n'sdf cfkm"nfO{ cfk"m eGg' lsg gkfpg] < of] gLlt gfhL tfgfzfxL a0f{e]bL gLltsf] ;+/Ifs :jl:ts lrGxsf] /Ifs lx6n/sf] gLlt / blIf0f clk|msfdf wd{ lkmhfpg] lgx'Fdf k;L ToxfFsf d'naf;L sfnfx?nfO{ sdf/f agfpg] lavfn' gLltdf slt klg km/s 5}g .
^_ wf/f !) sf] x/kmdf n]lvPsf] zAb ælk5l8Psf]Æ sf] 7fpFdf ælk58fOPsf]Æ n]lvg' k5{, To;kl5 n]lvPsf] æhghfltÆ (nomad, gypsy) sf] cl3lNt/ d'naf;L (indigenous, aboriginal), cflbaf;L (migrated) klg ylkg' k5{ . hft hflt lxGb" ;d'bfo;+u ;DalGwt zAb x'gfn] o;sf] 7fpFdf ;a} yl/sf ;d'bfo cyjf ;a} ;d'bfo n]lvg', k|rf/, k|;f/ ul/g' clgjfo{ 5 .
&_ ;+lawfgsf] wf/f !!# -#_ sf] k|ltztsf] afWotf x6fpg' k5{
*_ pQm wf/f !!# -#_ df pNn]lvt zAb hft (caste), hflt (sub-caste), cfkm"nfO{ ælxGb" x'FÆ eGg]nfO{ dfq k|of]u ul/g' k5{Ù of] zAb s]jn lxGb"df k|of]u x'g] zAb xf] . lxGb" afx'g, 5]qL, a}i0fj, z'b| lxGb"x?df rf/ hft (caste) 5g\ / sfdL, bdfO{, hghflt, wf]aL, ;fsL{, ufOg], Rofd], kf]8] hflt (sub-caste) x'g\ . hflt rflxF hftaf6 v;fOPsf] ;d'x xf] .
(_ c+u|]hL ;+lawfgdf 6«fOa (Tribe) n]lvPsf] 5 . To;sf] pNyf v; efiffdf æhghfltÆ n]lvPsf] 5 . 6«fOa lxGb" xf]Og, hghflt lxGb"sf] hftaf6 v;fOPsf] hflt (sub-caste) xf] . æ6«fOaÆ sf] pNyf ;d'x cyjf ;d'bfo n]lvg' k5{ . æ6«fOaÆnfO{{ æhghfltÆ n]Vg' c?nfO{ klg cfkm" ;/x d'v{ agfpg' xf] .
!)_ g]kfnsf] ;Dks{ efiff v; efiff dfq geP/ c+u|]hL / lxGbLnfO{ klg ;Dks{ efiff agfOg' k5{ .
!!_ ;+:s[t efiff ;+;f/s} tLgj6f d[ts efiff dWo]sf Pp6f efiff xf] . of] d[ts efiffnfO{ g]kfnsf] Pp6} klg 3/df af]lnb}g . t/ cfhef]ln ;}lgs Aof/]sx?df, k|x/Lx?sf] sfo{nodf klg n]lvg' yflnPsf] 5 . of] d[ts efiffsf] lglDt :s'n, sn]h / laZjlaBfnodf 7'nf] wg/f;L vr{ ul/G5, ha ls ufFp, 3/, zx/ ahf/df nfvf}+ nfvn] af]Ng] efiffsf] lglDt Ps k};f vr{ ul/b}g . æ;+:s[t efiffsf] lglDt vr{ g] 7'nf] wg /f;Ldf xfdL ax';+Vos d'naf;Lx?n] lt/]sf] s/sf] 7'nf] /sd klg ;dfa]; 5, eGg] tYodf x]k'jf gLlt ckgfpg' cb'/blz{tf x'G5 . yf]/}nfO{ w]/} lbg e'mSofpg' ;lsG5, t/ w]/}nfO{ w]/} lbg em'Sofg' ;lsb}g .
!@_ g]kfnsf] /fi6«Lo
kf];fs elgg] bf}/f ;'?jfnsf] d'n ynf]
/fh:yfg xf] / of] kf];fs c/fi6«Lo kf];fs xf] . o;nfO{ s'g} klg 7fpFdf s;}n] klg
clgjfo{ ?kdf nufpg' kg]{ afWotf agfOg' x'Gg, kf];fs P]lR5s laifo agfOg' k5{ .
æhDa' lbk] ef/t v08], ef/t v08] g]kfn b]z]Æ, of] /fi6«Lo elgg] c/fi6«Lo d+q xf]
. o;n] g]kfnsf] ;fa{ef}ldstfnfO{ ef/tdf ldnfPsf] 5 . of] d+qnfO{ c/fi6«Lo d+q
3f]if0ff ul/g' k5{ . of] c/fi6«LoafbLx?n] hKg] d+q xf] .
!#_ g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] nf]uf] a'4 wd{sf] k|lts r}tGodfly lxGb"afbsf] k|lts kz'klt gfysf] dlGb/sf] cfqmd0f xf] . o;nfO{ oyf lz3| x6fpg' k5{ . g]kfndf ;lxi0f'tfsf] gfddf a'4 wd{ / a'4 wdf{jnDaLx?dfly cfqmd0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5Ù o;nfO{ oyf lz3| /f]Sg' k5{ . s] ;lxi0f'tfsf] gfddf lxGb" dlGb/ / lxGb" d'lt{x?sf] 5]pdf / ;+u;+u} dl:hb / rr{ agfpg' :jLsfo{ x'G5 < qmfO:6sf] d'lt{ jf kmf]6f] /fVg kfOG5 < kfOGg eg] a'4 d'lt{sf] ;+u} lxGb" d'lt{ lsg /flvG5 < of] cfqmds gLlt xf] ls xf]Og < /fi6«Lotfsf] efif0f xfFSg]x?n] Aojxf/df c/fi6«Lotf ckgfpg' /fi6«3fts sfd xf] ls xf]Og <
!$_ g]kfnsf] /fi6«Lo uLt, laqmd ;+at (calander), kf];fs, /fi6«Lo wd{ ;a c/fi6«Lo x'g\ . logLx?nfO{ /fi6«afbL jf cGt/fi6«LoafbL agfOg' k5{{Ù b'/blz{tf ckgfOg' k5{, a}rfl/s kl/jQ{g x'g' k5{ . gq eljiodf oL s'/fx? uDeL/ ;d:of aGg ;S5gÙ oxfF u[x o'4 g} 5]l8g ;S5 . of] u[x o'4 lxGb" cfo{ ;fd|fHoafbL / clxGb" cgfo{, tfufwf/L / u}/ tfufwf/L dfem x'g ;S5 . s'g} /fhg}lts afbnfO{ lnP/ xf]Og . lsgeg] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts n8fOF zlQmsf] xf] s';L{sf] xf], s'g} afb / l;4fGtsf] xf]Og . o;}sf/0f d}n] /fhfnfO{ cfhLjg /fi6«klt eP/ al;lbg], g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« 3f]if0ff ul/lbg] / k|fGtLo ;/sf/ 3f]if0ff ul/lbg] cg'/f]w ub}{ !% l8;Da/, !((% df -@( d+l;/, )%@_ cg'/f]w kq klg k7fPsf] lyP+ . hxfF /fhf / /fht+q ePsf] d'n'snfO{ nf]stGq elgb}g (Republican), h:tf] cfhef]ln Og]lug]sf a'l4hLlj bhf{df btf{ ePsfx?n] eGg] u5{g .
!%_ ef]lnsf] lbgdf
clxGb" d'naf;L d+uf]nx? -cgfo{x?_ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] lglDt Ps eP/ h'6]sf] /
p7]sf] v08df logLx?sf] lagf;sf] lglDt lxGb" cfo{x? Ps eP/ h'6g / p7g ;S5g\
. of] s'g} gofF s'/f x'g] 5}gÙ lsg eg] g]kfndf of] x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] lgDtL
uf]Ko / clt uf]Ko a}7sx? a:g] sfd a]nf a]nfdf ePsf] 5 . oxfFsf d"naf;Lsf]
;a{gfz u/fpg'sf] lglDt lxGb" cfo{x?sf] lglDt kf6L{ l;4fGtsf] s'g} d'No 5}g
. ltgLx?sf] ;DaGw a0f{, wd{;Dd l;ldt 5 . o;sf/0f oxfFsf d'naf;LnfO{ ;lhn};+u
df:g / lk:gsf] lglDt Psflt/ xfdLnfO{ lg;:q agfpg] / cfkm"x? ;;:q x'g]
;+a}wflgs ;+zf]wg x'g ;S5 . ;+lawfg eg]sf] a[xb hgtfsf] lxtsf] lglDt x'g' k5{,
cNk ;+Vos ;fd|fHoafbLx?sf] lxt / ;'/Iffsf] lglDt xf]Og . cWoIfHo", /fli6«o
b[li6sf]0f /fvL pQm ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] lglDt ;dodf g} laa]s k'¥ofO{ Pdfn] h:tf]
æax' ;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b]lvPsf] kf6L{n] rfn' clwa]zgdf k|:tfj NofOlbpg\Æ
eGg] rfxG5' / NofOlbg
cg'/f]w klg u5'{ .
!^_ d}n] bof xf]Og
Gofo vf]h]sf] 5'Ù clwsf/sf] lglDt kfOnf] rfn]sf] 5' / of] d]/f] rf}yf] txsf]
kfOnf] xf] . oxfF Gofosf] lglDt x]nrqmfOF
u/]sf] v08df cGt/fi6«Lo 5]qdf hfg' afWo x'g' kg]{ 5 . To; kl5 æu/ jf gf; xf}Æ
sf] (Do or perish) kfOnf]sf] kfnf] cfpF5 .
ædnfO{ d[To' b]pm ls d+uf]n g]zgn
cu{gfOh]zgnfO{ btf{ b]pmÙ d+uf]nfO{ d+uf]n eGg b]pm . dnfO{ d[To'eGbf Kof/f]
d]/f] cl:tTj 5, d]/f] wd{, efiff, lnkLsf] 5 .Æ d+uf]n ca cfˆgf] d'n'sdf bof xf]Og Gofo rfxG5
. ;lxi0f'tfsf] gfddf ePsf] cfqmd0f ;xg ;Qm}g, cfˆgf] d'n'snfO{ ;fd|fHafbLx?sf]
wd{sf] /fi6« -lxGb" /fi6«_ agfpg rfx+b}g . xfdL ;g !%%( b]lv n''l6b},
e'l6+b}, s'l6+b}, ;fd|fHoafbLx?sf] if8oGqsf] dfvf] aGb} cfPsf 5f}+ . gfs, sfg sfl6+
df+Ub} cfPsf 5f}, lab]zdf Gofolos s+;fO (legal butcher) / Gofolos u'08f (legal gundas) agfO+b} cfPsf 5f}+ . ca xfdL xfd|f] efjL lk+8LnfO{ To;af6
d'Qm u/fpgsf] lglDt h:t} lgd{d kfOnf] rfNg'sf] lglDt klg tof/ 5f}+, eGg] lbg
s;}n] klg glgDtfpg\ eg]/ ;a}n] laZjflifnf] efjgfsf] ;befjgf /fVg' kg]{ lbg
cfPsf] 5Ù b'/blz{tf k'j{s ;f]Rg' kg]{ lbg cfPsf] 5 .
/fhfsf] ;+;bnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ efif0fdf lav08afbL / cft+safbL hf]l8g yfn]sf] 5,
t/ /fHo cft+s rflx+ k+rfot sfndf em}+ lta| agfO+b} 5 . /fHo cft+snfO{ s] eGg],
/fi6«afbLtf <
hfgsf/L / Gofolos ;xf]usf] lglDtM
!_ >L % dxf/fhlw/fh, gf/fo0flx6L, /fhb/jf/ =
@_ cWoIf, g]kfnL s+u|];, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, 6]s' =
#_ cWoIf, /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, gS;fn =
$_ cWofIf, ;befjgf kf6L{, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, lqk'/]Zj/ =
%_ k|wfg d+qLHo" k|wfg d+qL sfof{no, l;+x b/jf/ =
uf]kfn u'?ª
PdP /fhgLlt zf:q
;+:yfks, k|]l;8]06
d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg=
t/ logLx?n] Wofg lbg] t s'/} ePg rf;f] ;Dd b]vfPgg\ logLx? ;a}nfO{ d+uf]n d'naf;L / clxGb" zAb g} sfp;f] efPsf] 5 / of] zAbx? logLx?sf] lgDtL Psbd} ckRof / gf}nf] xf] o;n] logLx?sf] 7luvfg] efF8f] l/ltG5 .
Sept. 22, 2005
Mr. Martin,
Mr. Mathew,
I intend to draw your valued attention on the following points.
1. Country like Nepal must be
a) Republican
b) Secularism and
c) Province wise govt, like that of India.
2. Hindu kingdom as well as Hindu constitution is common grave to all non-Hindus indigenous (mulbasi) Mongol people; Budhist, Christian, Muslim Sikh and Jain at the same time so called constitution itself is communal. So called constitution is nothing but a tripartite agreement of palace, congress and so called UML.
3. In fact Hindus (Bahun and Chetri) are only 20% and non-Hindu indigenous (Mulbasi) Mongol people are 80% but hindu rulers have always show false data so do the Hindu (Bahun & Chetri) writers.
4. Because of the
communal so called constitution Mongol
National Organisation has not yet been recognised by the
Election Commission. And the political situation is not very different than South Africa.
5. Hindu King is not the King of 80% non Hindu indigenous (Mulbasi) Mongol people and it is clear that he is the King of minority 20% Hindu Bahun (A Class Hindu) and Chetri (B Class Hindu).
6. All most all
Maoist fighting soldiers are mulbasi (in
digenous) Mongol people and they have utopian salvation because they are
century old down trodden people.
7. 60% of the total land of Nepal is in the hand of 20 % A & B class (Bahun & Chetri) Hindu. More than 30% is forestry and 2 to 3% is rocky and snow covered; it mean hardly 7% land is in the hand of 80% people. 75-80% houses are in the hand of minority 20% Hindus and 98% job in administration is occupied by 20% Hindu; that mean we the mulbasi (indigenous) are landless homeless and jobless.
8. We the Mulbasi (indigenous) non-Hindu Mongol people are made countryless and made like refugees in our own land.
9. After the publication of second edition of my book Hidden Facts in Nepalese Politics I was arrested in 1988 and thrown into the iron bar for three years and was released after the restoration of plural system. After the publication of my second political book titled; In Quest of Mongol Entity and Doctorate (Ph.D.) on MNO; police and administration terrorised me and I was compel to exile for more than a year in 2001.
10. Since 1980 I have been fighting for plural system in Nepal, Human rights, democracy, republican system, secularism and province wise govt and we burned so called communal constitution four year ago (Nov. 8, 2001) on the occasion of constitution day and if necessary Mongol National Organisation will not hesitate to take do or Perish step too.
Gopal Gurung
Founder President
Mongol National Organisation
g]kfn l:yt dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf k|d'v / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf cfjf;Lo k|ltlgwLnfO{ a'emfPsf] kqsf] gsn .
s'g} klg ;dfrf/ kqn] g5fk]sf] k|]; jQmJo
PO Box : 2828, Kathmandu
Tel.: 5523311
Date : 24 March, 2005
American, Indian, UK and European Countries are regardful to majority Nepalese because they have supported to
the cause of our fundamental rights. We cordially admire especially to the
above countries. After the declaration of emergency by the King Gynandra we
are made dumb and we want to restore our fundamental rights at earliest
feasible. We the plural party supporters want to take back our grabbed freedom
of speech, freedom of writing, freedom of movement and freedom of
human rights as soon as possible. I still remember the support of former
president Mr. Bush in 1990. He supported pluralism in political system even in
Nepal.
Because of down fall of single dictator panchayat system in 1990. I was also released from the prison. I have bitter experience of prison life where I spent three years as a political prisoner due to my book Hidden Facts in Nepalese Politics. I would like to thank again to American, Indian and European countries for their support to multiparty system, human rights and fundamental rights of majority Nepalese people.
I want -
1. Republican Nepal like that of India
2. Secularism
3. Provincial government system in Nepal
NB i) Papers did not publish my statement and articles in Nepal
ii) I have written to late King Birendra to
remain life
President on Dec 15, 1995. After 2 Months on 13th Feb. 1996 Maoist came in
action.
iii) The same view was repeated to King Gynandra on June 27, 2001 and I had to exile for one year.
iv) I request to the above countries to give strong support to the majority Nepalese people and stand against state terrorism.
Gopal Gurung
President
Mongol National Organization
;a} d'n'snfO{ Od]naf6 k7fOof] .
Police terrorism in the heart of capital and
danger to my life.
An appeal to the Human Rights and Amnesty International Activists of the world.
1. I Gopal Gurung, President, Mongol National Organization, Publisher and Editor, New Light and Thunder bolt weeklies; Consultant and co-ordinator, Press Foundation of Asia – Manila; writer and novelist of more than 200 articles and a dozen of books, appeal to the Human Rights and Amnesty International Activists of the world to save my life from the danger of inhuman atrocity and terrorism of police and the present policy of monarchial government of Nepal which is prevailing on me since 1980 to till now ie 2001.
2. While my second edition of Hidden Facts in Nepalese Politics was published in 1988, I was arrested and sent to prison for unknown period under two charges of Treason Acts at a time. But due to keen interest taken by the Amnesty International as well as Human Rights Activists I was released after three years.
3. Since September 7th Friday evening I am underground and facing a great trouble as well as danger of police atrocities. On that evening at about 5.30 PM police personnel went to my home with two police van and they took not only all copies of my book ‘In Quest of Mongol Entity and PhD on Mongol National Organization’ but kidnapped my sister also who was alone at home at that time. Fortunately, I was out of my home at that time of incident. Police personnel have kept my sister Ms Krishna Gurung as mortgage and they want my arrest. This above named book was published only a few months ago of the assassination of the royal family in which the letter written to late king Birendra on 15 December 1995 was also included. In that letter I had advised him to be a life President of the country and declare Nepal as a secular, provincial and republic country like that of India. I had written a same type of letter to the new king Gyanendra also urging him for a life president and to consider Nepal a secular, provincial and republic country.
4. The present multi-party democratic government also is no better than the previous panchayati single party system that was existed for 30 long years (1960-1990). The panchayati single party system had terrorized the citizens by us its racial discrimination policy and inhuman atrocity through the police force during its tenure and the same is being repeated now.
I, therefore, request all the Human Rights as well as Amnesty International Activists to save me and my family members from this atrocity of His Majesty government and police personnel.
September 10, 2001 Gopal Gurung
g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf
d+uf]nafb–afx'gafb–dfcf]afb
Mongolism-Bahunism-Maoism
in Nepalese Politics.
yfngLM d"naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] efjL lk8Lsf] ;'/lIft eljiosf] lglDt / g]kfns} lb3{sflng ;+s6 df]rgsf] lglDt efjL ;+ljwfgdf lgDg æa'+bfx? ;dfj]z x'g} k5{ . ;+ls0f{ ;+:sf/sf /f]uLx? gofF ljrf/df gt+lu|P g]kfnsf] eljio pHoflng] 5}gÆ eGg] ;do 5+b} a'e\mg' k5{ .
!_ g]kfn /fi6« leq /fi6«x? 5g\ . lt /fi6«x? x'g clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]n hghtLx? rfxL+ x]bf{ Ps} b]v] klg lrtf}l8of /f0ffx? ;+u} /f0ffx?sf el/of sl/of ag]/ jt{dfg g]kfn leq]sf lxGb' ;dfh leqs} clt z'b| blntx? x'g\ . logLx? g d"naf;L x'g\ g cflbaf;L . oL blnt hghftLsf] ;+VofÙ h;n] oxfFsf d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nsf] y/ n]vfpg] u5{gÙ lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qL ;+u y/ ldng] sfdL, bdfO, ;fsL{TobLsf] eGbf klg sd 5 . lsg ls logLx?sf] hGd bf]>f] k6s jx'blnof Joj:yf cfP kl5 dfq ePsf] xf] . logLx?n] c+u|]hLsf] indigenous -d"naf;L_ zAbsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf 5g\Ù 7Ug] sfd / :jb]z / ljb]zdf x08L dfluvfg] d+q agfPsf 5g\ . logLx? clxGb' d"naf;Ldf kb}{gg\ .
@_ g]kfnsf] /fi6« em08f clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ d+uf]n /+u kx]+nf] / cfo{nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;]tf] /+usf] x'g'k5{Ù To;df c? ;d'bfonfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ tf/fx? x'g'k5{ .
#_ g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If d'n's x'g}k5{ / ufO{, uf]? sf6]/ df;' vfg] s;}sf] wd{ l/tL lytL 5 eg] To;df s'g} k|sf/ sf] afwf pTkGg ul/g' x'+b}g . ;lxi0f'tfsf] cy{ x]kfO{ ;x]/ afFRg' xf]Og . a'4sf] d'lt{sf] 5]pdf lxGb' b]j b]jL / tyf slyt eujgx?sf] d'lt{ / kmf]6f]x? /fv]/ u'Dafsf] 5]pdf dlGb/ agfP/ ;lxi0f'tfsf] kf7 l;sfpg]x?n] lxGb' dlGb/ 5]p dl:hb, rr{, u'?åf/ agfpbf ;lxi0f'tfsf] dxfgtf b]vfP/ ;xg ;Sg] lxDdt u5{g <
$_ g]kfnsf clxGb' d'naf;L d+uf]nsf] lglDt Pp6f 5'6} d+qfno x'g'k5{ . To; d+qfnodf d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] tkm{af6 Pshgf k'/f dGqL d+uf]n x'g'k5{ . d+uf]n d+qfnodf lkpgb]lv ;lrj ;Dd lgo'Qm ug]{ sfd d+uf]n d+qLaf6 x'g]5 . To; d+qfnonfO{ x/]s 5]qsf] %)Ü sf]6f 5'6\ofpg'k5{ . h:t} 5fqj[lt, 8S6/, OlGhlgo/TofbLdf ljb]z k8g kfpg] / ljb]z e|d0f ug{ kfpg] ;x'lnot sf]6f %)Ü 5'6\ofOg' k5{ . To;} d+qfnon] d'n's e/sf h]x]Gbf/ d+uf]n ljBfyL{sf] cf+s8f tof/ kf5{ / of]Uo pd]bjf/ 5fg]/ k7fpg] u5{ .
%_ g]kfnsf] ;Dks{ efiffdf v; efiff afx]s c+u|]hL / lxGbL klg ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ eg]/ d}n] b"O{ bzs eGbf a];L ;dob]lv lnlvt / clnlvt b'j} dfWoodaf6 hf]/bf/ cfjfh p7fp+b} cfPsf] 5' / o; tYofnfO{ cem z;Qm ?kdf p7fpg rfxG5' .
^_ g]kfndf s'g} /fli6«o lrGxsf] cfjZoQmf 5}g 5 eg] eujfg a'4sf] 5 .
&_ g]kfnsf]
Sofn]08/ ljqmdflbTofsf] gfdsf] Sofn]08/
c/fli6«o tTjsf] Sofn]08/ x'g' x'Fb}g /fli6«otfsf] ukm xf+Sg]x?n] ls a'l4i6
Sofn]08/ k|rngdf NofOg' k5{Ù ls rflxF ljZj k|Voft ;g Sofn]08/ rnfOg' k5{Ù h'g
ln+u'j k|mofFsf (Lingufranca) klg xf] .
*_ g]kfnsf] ;]gf s'g} lab]zL cfqmd0f /f]Sgsf] lglDt geP/ d'l7e/
;fdGtL zf];ssf] ;fgdfgsf] lglDt ;'/Iff / sdfO vfg] efF8f]sf] lglDt xf]Ù h;sf]
lglDt zf]lift lk8Lt hgtfsf] /ut / kl;gfsf] c/af} c/a ?lkof 5'6fOG5 . oltsf]
7"nf] /sd ljsfzdf vr]{sf] v08df 7"nf] /L0f ef/ af6 d'Qm x'g] dfq
xf]Og d'n'ssf] k|ultdf klg 7"nf] 6]jf aG5 . o;f];n] ;]gf /fVg' cfjZos 5}g
. a? s]xL xhf/ cw{ ;}lgs an
/fv] x'G5 . of] ;Totf dfly d}n] !(*% df klxnf] kN6
d]/f] k':ts g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfOdf p7fPsf] lyPF, h'g k':tssf] b'O
;+:s/0f e"ldut ?ddf k|sflzt lyof] / !(*( df h]n leq :yflkt d+uf]n g]zgn
cu{gfOh]zgsf] 3f]if0ff–kqdf klg k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . cfdL{nfO{ s6f}tL ub}{
n}hfgsf] lglDt jt{dfg ;]gfdf b'O bzs ;Dd gofF etL{ ul/g' x'Gg / at{dfgdf
/x]sfx?n] k]G;g k|fKt ub}{ hfg] x'G5 . cfdL{ s6f}tL ub}{ hfg'sf] cy{ xf] jh6df
klg s6f}tL x'Fb}hfg' .
(_ lxGb' /fi6«n] oxfFsf d"naf;L clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nnfO{ dfq xf]Og, clxGb' a'l4i6, lqmlZrog, d';ndfg, l;s / h}gnfO{ klg /fi6« ljxLg agfP/ @)Ü afx'g 5]qLsf] dfq /fi6« agfPsf] 5 .
!)_ /fht+q
/ k|hft+qsf] cGt u/L nf]st+q / u0ftq+sf] n8fO+ n8bf zxLb x'g' k/]sf ;d:t
zxLbx?sf] d"lt{ jt{dfg zxLb d+rdf :yfkgf ug]{ sfd ;/sf/L tkm{af6 ul/g' k5{
/ zxLb gePsf lqe'jgsf] d"tL{ zxLb d+raf6 x6fP/ Do"lhoddf
/flvg' k5{ . Pj+ /Ltn] /f0ffx?sf] d"lt{x? klg ;a}lt/af6 pv]n]/ Do'lhoddf
k7fOg' k5{ . lqe'jgsf] d"lt{ >bfn' zxLbx? dfly /flvg' zxLbx?sf] dxfg
ckdfg dfq xf]Og rfsl/sf] k/fsfi6 klg xf] . of] tYo d}n] k+rfotsfndf klg d]/f] ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgdf
lg:sg] Go"nfO6 ;fKtfxLssf] ;DkfbsLodf n]v]/ cfjfh p7fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5' eg]
ax'blno Joa:yf s} ;dodf klg ;ef uf]i7L lt/ p7fPsf] 5' .
!!_ jfWotf k"j{s ljb]zdf k'Ug / a:g k/]sf g]kfnsf d"naf;L d+uf]nx? g]kfn kms]{ kl5 gful/Qmfsf] k|Zgdf emd]nf ul/g' x'Gg . g]kfnL gful/ssf] lglDt b'O b]lzof gful/Qmfsf] ;'ljwf lbOg' k5{ . d"naf;L g]kfnLnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/df kms]{kl5 a:g'sf] lglDt s] s] k|df0f kq < g]kfndf hGd]sf s;}nfO{ klg hGd l;4 gful/Qmf lbg] ul/g'k5{ . rfx] p;sf] 3/ jf hUuf xf]; gxf]; . Tof] c8rng x'g' x'Fb}g .
!@_ hft, hftL k|of]u x'Fb} / k|of]u ul/b} cfPsf] 7fpFdf cj p;f] ;d'bfo jf ;dk|bfo k|of]u x'g' jf ul/g' k5{ . hgsf] 7fpFdf nf]s k|rngdf NofOg' k5{ . h:t} nf]s ;Ttf nf]s uggfTofbL .
!#_ lxGb'x?sf]
lglDt ltgLx?sf] rf8af8 dgfpg] 5'§L sfl6g' k5{ / To:tf] labf c? ;d'bfosf] lglDt
5'6fOg' k5{ . ca
/fhf /fgLsf] lglDt /fhkl/jf/sf] lglDt lbOg] ljbf aGb
ul/g' k5{ .
!$_ yf]/} dfq ;+:s[t k8g]x?sf] lglDt 5'6fOg] 7"nf] /sd aGb ul/g' k5{ / ljZjs} d[ts efiff ;+:s[t laBfno, dxflaBfnonfO{ lbg] x08L aGb ul/g'k5{ . o;df d"naf;Lsf] /ut / kl;gf d'l5Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf d+uf]nafb
Mongolism in Nepalese Politics.
d+uf]nafb s] xf] / lsg < ;+;f/df tLg k|sf/sf dfgj ;d'bfosf] pTklt ePsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf] ljleGg e]udf ltgLx?nfO{ klxnf klxnf, Hofkf6fOh–;]d]l6s–x]d]l6s elgGYof] eg] cfhef]nL d+uf]nfO8, ssl;o; / lgu|f]cfO6 elgg] ul/G5 . d+uf]nsf] /+u kx]nf]–ssl;o;sf] ;]tf] / lgu|f]cfO8sf] sfnf] x'G5 eg] d+uf]nx?sf] pTklt :yfg g} lzjlnu kj{tsf] j/Lk/L jt{dfg rLg jt{dfg g]kfn / ef/tdf ePsf] xf] . cfo{x? o;tkm{ elgg] ul/Psf afx'gx? ssl;o; kxf8af6 5l/Psf x'g . ssl;o; kxf8 Sof;lkog ;L / JNofs;Lsf] dfemdf k5{ / xfn of] /l;ofdf k5{ . O;fk"j{ !( cf}+ ztfAbLdf xfO6L ;fd|fHoafbsf] cfs|d0fdf k/L efu] kl5 Pp6f ljzfn em'08 jt{dfg O/fg tkm{ efu] / To; tkm{ nueu rf/ ;o jif{ ljtfP kl5 l;Gw' 3fF6L xF'b} logLx?sf] Pp6f em'08 Ozfk"j{ !% ;f} cyf{t cfheGbf # xhf/ % ;o jif{ klxnf n'6kf6 ub}{ / cft+s drfpFb} cft+ssf/L / n'6f/x?sf] ?kdf jt{dfg ef/t lelqP . To;tfsf Pp6f 5]qLo dxfk'?ifn] logLx?nfO{ 7"nf] ;xof]u Pj+ ;'/Iff k'/fP h;sf] gfd logLx?n] cfh ko{Gt eujg lji0f'sf] gfddf hKg] u5{g . logLx? jj{/ ?kdf o;tkm{ leq]sfn] n'6kf6 ul/Psf] a:t' vfFbf] vfof] gvf+bf] hnfpg] sfd ug{ yfn]Ù h'g sfnGt/df xf]d / cf]dsf] gfddf gi6 ug{ yfn] . ToxL ;+:sf/ cfh klg logLx? ;+u xf]d eP/ af+r]sf] 5 / cGgkft, l3p xfn]/ eid u/fpg] rng 5 . l3pnfO{ cfuf]n] rf+8f] l6K5 . ç df a|Dxf, lji0f' / dx];nfO{ ;+emgf u5{g . h;n] o; 5]qsf d"naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] gf; ug{ l;jfof s]xL klg u/]gg . ç cIf/nfO{ l;wf u/]/ 7f8f] kf/L pEofO lbP lq;'n aG5, cyjf lqÖtLg, ;'nÖlk8f cyf{t tLg j6f lk8fbfos ;di6Lsf] ?k xf] ç . o; e]usf cfo{x? /xg ;xg / vfg lkgsf] sf/0fn] sfnf] x'g k'u]Ù logLx?nfO{ Ps k|sf/n] cf}nf] nfUof] . x/kf, dfx]ghfbf8f] h:tf ;EoftfnfO{ gi6 u/fp+b} / n'6kf6 ub}{ logLx? qmdz jt{dfg ef/t e/ 5l/P . To; kl5 jt{dfg g]kfnsf] t/fO{ v08 n'lDagL tkm{ klg k|efj hdfpFb} uP kl5 j0f{>dL lgtL km}nfpFb} uP . ;'4wfg -cke|z+df ;'4f]wg_ / l;bfxf -l;bfy{ xf]Og_Ù oL kfnL efiffsf gfdx? x'gÙ df klg k|efj kfg]{ / k/:k/ e]befj km}nfpg] pr lgrsf] ;[hgf eP kl5 l;bfxfaf6 la/f]w eof] . km:j?k pgnfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/of] . l;bfxf b]z lgsfnf eP kl5 pgL e]befj k|ltsf] lj/f]wÙ dfgjtf k|ltsf] lb|8tf / bfgjtf k|ltsf] ;+3if{ ;xL xf] jf xf]OgÙ o;}df Wofg dUg eP tYo kQf nufpg tlNng eP . hLjgsf] 7"nf] Tofu / tk:ofaf6 tYo kQf nfu] kl5 pgL a'4 eP h;nfO{ cfh ;+;f/n] eujfg a'4sf] gfdn] lrG5 . lsGt' a'4nfO{ lgDg sf]6Lsf] b]vfpgsf] lglDt h;nfO{ xfdL cfh lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLn] lrG5f}+Ù To;df klg afx'gx?n] st} a'4 eGbf klxnf klg a'4 lyof]Ù eg]/ km6fxf / em'7f] s'/f n]Vg], n]vfpg], k8g], k8fpg] u5{g / s'dfu{df ;dfhnfO{ ws]Ng] u5{g\ .
a'4 clgZj/afbL lyPÙ To;}
sf/0f d a'4nfO{ cufw >bf u5'{ / pgnfO{ k'hf u5'{ . a'4n] csf]{ hGdsf]
ljZjfif slxNo} u/]gg g t clU3nf] hGdsf] g} ljZjfif u/] . a'4sf] lglDt afns sfn
Pp6f hGd lyof]Ù o'jf:yf csf]{ hGd / d[To' cl3sf] a[bfa:yf csf]{ hGd . a'4sf]
lglDt ;dfgtf, eft[Tj, :jt+qtf clt lk|o lyof] / hLjg e/ o;}nfO{ lbzfjf]w u/fpg
nfu] . oL cfo{x?sf] lglDt clk|o lyof]Ù lsg eg] cfo{x?n] k"j{ hGdsf] kmn,
csf]{ hGdsf] nf]e, gs{ / :ju{sf] 8/ / k|nf]egn] bfg blIf0ff ug{ nufO{ zf]if0f
uy]{Ù lgbf]{if / c1fg ;dfhnfO{ ;lhn} 7Uy]Ù bfgjtf Jojxf/ u/L c?nfO{ bfgj gfd
lbg] uy]{Ù c?nfO{ ;fdk|bflos eg]/ cfˆgf] ;fdk|bfloQmfnfO{ 9fs5f]k ub}{ cfˆgf]
:jfy{ k'/f uy]{Ù h;n] ubf{ ef/t / g]kfnsf d"njf;L clxGb'nfO{ s+ufn agfP
bf; agfP . o; sf/0f xfdL cfh of] ul/jL, ck'u / cefj u|:t hLjg latfpg afWo 5f}+
. lsg ls /fhg}lts jfu8f]/ ltgLx?sf] xftdf 5 . h;sf] xftdf /fhg}lts ;Qf /xG5
p;n] /fHosf] lgtL ;+rfng u5{Ù p;sf] xftdf lgtL lgwf{/0f ug]{ zlQm x'G5Ù p;sf]
xftdf ;}lgs, k|x/L, k|zf;g s]lGb|t x'G5 . ef/tdf xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv / g]kfndf
k'Ug gk'u kfFr ;o jif{b]lv
of] /fhg}lts zlQm lxGb' cfo{sf] xftdf s]lGb|t x'g' k'u]sf] 5 . To;}sf/0f a'4
wd{df klg kfv08Lx?n] ljs[lt NofPsf] 5 . olt ;Dd ls a'lbi6x?nfO{ lxGb'
/fhf/fgLsf] v'§fdf 9f]ufp+5g / a'lbi6sf] gfddf k]6 kfNg]x?n] lgn{Hhf / lge{o
k"j{s 9f]U5g klg . of] 3[l0ft s'k|yfn] ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] wd{ a'4
wd{sf] ktg / ;+xf/ ePsf] 5 . a'4 wd{sf] gfddf cfˆgf] gfd km}nfpg] / dfuL vfg]x?n]
klg csf]{ hGdsf]Ù :ju{ / gs{sf] e|d km}nfP/ b'i6tf k"0f{ eujg a'4sf] ckdfg
u/]sf] 5 . cfh ef]nL tfOjgaf6 eujg a'4sf] gfddf 7]nLsf] 7]nL k':ts / Sof;]6x?
;+;f/ e/ afFl6g] sfd ul/G5 / cToGt b'i6tf k'j{s eujg a'4sf] 5fltdf lxGb'
tfgfzfxL / tfgfzfxL lx6n/sf] lg/+s'ztfsf] k|tLs :j:tLssf] ns]6 em'08fpg]
ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;8o+qsf] d"nynf] g]kfn xf] / d"n h/f] oxfFsf] a'lbi6
gfdsf] ds'08f]df a'4wd{sf] ljgfzsf/L e'm08sf] xf] . dxfofgx?n] 7]/jfbLx?nfO{
lxgfofgfsf] gfd lbP/ …xfdL dxfg xf}+Ù ltgLx? xLg x'gÚ eg]/ Pstf af6 cg]stf
;[hgf u/]/ 7]/jfbLx?nfO{ xLg b[i6Ln] x]g]{ lgot g} sn'l;t 5 . lsg eg] o;leq
lxGb'Tjsf] lap 5Ù h'g a'4 bz{gsf] ljk/Lt 5 . lxGb'afb j0f{ >dLsf] pkh
xf]Ù j0f{>ddf j0f{e]bsf] hs8sf] pkh xf] . j0f{e]b aflx/af6 ef/tdf lelqPsf]
cfo{ j0f{ / ef/tsf] d"njf;L d+uf]n j0f{ dfemsf] lae]b xf] o;nfO{ /+ue]bsf]
b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] uf]/f] cfo{g / kx]+nf] d+uf]n dfemsf] lje]b xf] h'g
/fhlgtL cy{ lgtL, lzIff lgtL / ;+:sf/ ut?kdf g} ljk/Lt lbzfdf 5g\ . wfld{s
b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] a'4 wd{ / j0f{>dL cyjf lxGb'afb dfemsf] n8fO+ xf] .
dnfO{ nfU5 a'4 wd{df clx+;fÙ clx+;f k/df] wd{sf] dgf]a}1flgs 9+usf] hfnf]
lkm+hfOPsf] lyof]Ù h;åf/f a'4 wd{jnDaLx?nfO{ df/]/ tx; gx; ug{ ;lhnf] xf]; .
ul/of] klg To:t}Ù z+s/lbu lahog';f/ sGofs'df/Lb]lv ;d'b|sf] lsgf/;Dd e]l6P hlt
a'4 dfuL{x?sf] xTof ul/of]Ù tx; gx; ul/of] / h'g a'4 dfuL{x?nfO{ e]6]/ xTof ug{
;lsPg ltgLx?nfO{ /fhfåf/f afx'gsf] cf1f lz/f]wfo{ u/]/ d[To' b08sf] ;hfo
3f]if0ff ul/of] . /fdfo0f, dxfef/t k':tsn] klg oxfFsf ef/t / g]kfnsf
d"naf;Lx?sf] /fhkf6 gf; u/]/ cfˆgf] xftdf kfg]{ ;asg} l;sfp+5 . lxGb' cfo{x?sf]
;+:s[ltsf] h/f] alnof] ug]{Ù lxGb'afbnfO{ lxGb' wd{sf] ?kdf 3/ 3/df k'/fpg] /
a'4 wd{nfO{ tx; gx; u/fpg] if8o+q g} b]lvG5 . hxfF lxGb'afbsf] ;+:sf/
k'usf] 5}g ljZjsf lt kfFr d'n'sdf 7]/afb g} afFr]sf] 5 . lxgfog / dxfogsf] lxg
b[li6 / j8kgsf] cx+sf/L efjgf 5}g . xfndf cfP/ Pgs] uf]oGsf -df/jf8L_n] a'4
dfuL{x?nfO{ cem tx; gx; u/fpg] o'lQm lgsfn]sf 5g Tof] xf] ljkf;gf . g]kfndf
k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxfn] æc;nL lxGb':yfg eg]sf] oxL xf]Æ eg]/ lxGb'Tjsf] lap /f]k]
. /f0ffx?n] a'4 laxf/x? n'6] / lxGb's/0f u/] h;/L ef/tdf czf]ssfndf b}lgs c8fO
xhf/ leIf'x?sf] lzIff lng], vfg lkg ug]{ af}4 u'Djf / laxf/x? n'6] tx; gx; u/]/
s[i0fsf] hGd ynf] / lxGb'x?sf] kljq ynf] agfP . /f0ff sfndf g]kfndf a'4 wd{
l;sfpg]nfO{ b]z lgsfnf ug]{Ù l;Sg]nfO{ /fhb|f]xLsf] d'4fdf h]n 7f]:g] rng lyof]
. oxfF cToGt uf]Ko 7fpFdf /flvPsf a'4sf k':tsx?, bfFt / ax'd"No a:t'x?
rf]l/G5 t/ rf]/ 6'+uf] nfUb}g . lxGb'x?sf] kljq kz'klt dlGb/ 5]qnfO{ s/f]8f}+
s/f]8 vr{ ul/G5, t/ a'4 u'Djfx?n] s]xL kfp+b}g . olt ;Dd ls n'lDagL ljsfznfO{
ljb]zLn] lbPsf]
/sd :jfxf kfl/G5 t/ To;sf] x/ lx;fa b]vfpg' kb}{g . :jfxf kfg]{ hdft olt alnof]
5, ls To;nfO{ 5'g] k|of; uof]{ eg] s/]06 nfu]/ dg]{ ;Dej 5Ù s/]06 k|'km 5}g .
j[xb ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] cof]Wof gu/sf] sf];f}+ dfOnsf] 5]qkmn vg]/ x]bf{ a'4sf]
d"tL{x? l;jfo s]xL kfOPg / jfj/L dl:hb klg a'4s} u'Djf k|df0fLt ePsf] 5 .
ef/tsf w]/} h:tf d+lGb/x? a'4 dlGb/ k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5Ù h'g afx'gx?n] lj:tf/}
sJhfu/L af}4 dfuL{x?nfO{ p7Laf; nufP . of] a'4 wd{df 3';fOPsf] / lkm+hfOPsf]
clx+;f k|df]wd{ -lx+;f gug'{_ sf] kmn xf] . lx+;f gug'{ cfOnfu] g5f8g' eGg] ;as
a'4 dfuL{x?df l;sfOg'' kYof]{ .
g]kfnsf d+uf]nx? ufOsf] df;' vfg]x? x'g . ufO{ uf]?sf] df;' vfg glbP klg k'j{sf lnDj'x?n] -/fO lnDa' s} Pp6f ;fvf xf] / /fO kbjL lxGb' /fhfaf6 lslgPsf] kbjL xf] h:tf] ;'AjfkbjL klg a]lrGYof]Ù ufO{sf] df;' vfPsf] s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f cfh klg e]l6G5 / lxGb' /fhfaf6 æuf]a4 gug'{Æ eg]/ cfb]z k7fOPsf] kfOG5 . o:t} klZrddf u'?ª -td'_ x?nfO{ ufO{sf] df;' vfgaf6 / uf]a4af6 /f]Sg] lujf{0f o'4 x'g . pg}n] uf]?sf] 7fpFdf /f+uf, e}+;L vfg] x's'd hfx]/ u/] eg] afx'gsf] v'§f 9f]Ug nufpg] / nfdf nufpg] k|yf /f]Sg] rflx+ /fh]Gb| ljs|d zfxf x'g .
tfKn]h'ª ahf/ eGbf s]xL
306f 6f8f]sf] ufpFdf Pp6f ;ft km'6 hltsf] cUnf] df}nf] 5 . 5]psf] b'Oj6f rflx+
em08} ;f+8] tLg lkm6 cUnf] 5 . ufpFn]sf] egfOg';f/ xf]rf] b'Oj6f df}nf] af5f
af5L sf6g] / dfemsf] rflx+ 7"nf] ufO{, uf]? sf6g] xf] . To; Onfsfdf u'Daf
/ a'4 dfuL{ zf;ssf] baf{/sf] eUgf+z]if klg e]l6G5 . jf:tjdf g]kfnsf ;d:t
d+uf]nx?nfO{ lxGb' cfo{x?n] æef]6]Æ eGg] u5{gÙ lsg eg] d+uf]nx?n] af]Ng] cfˆgf]
efiff ef]6 jd]{nL efiff xf] . l;lsdsf l;lsdLx? cfkm"x?nfO{ æef]6]Æ eGbf
uj{ u5{gÙ t/ g]kfnsf clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nx? cfkm"x? ef]6] ePtf klg
æef]6]Æ eGbf xLg ;+emG5g . of] lxGb' s/0fsf] bf;tfsf] 5fk xf] . g]kfndf b'Oj6f
efiff dfq 5g / b'O j0f{sf dflg;x? dfq 5g\ . Pp6f efiff xf] d+uf]nx?sf] cfˆgf]
efiff ef]6 jd]{nL efiff / csf]{ xf] lxGb' cfo{g (Indo aryan) efiff . To:t} j0f{ klg Pp6f d+uf]n j0f{ / csf]{ cfo{g j0f{
. k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxf Psflt/
c/fi6«Lo /fhf lyP h;n] æc;nL lxGb':yfgÆsf] gf/f lbP eg] csf]{ lt/ ;fd|fHoafbL
lyP h;nfO{ j0f{sf] ;DjGw yfxf g} lyPg . lxGb' /fhfx? / ltgsf bl/nf vDjf
if8o+qsf/L afx'gx? ztfAbLcf}+b]lv ;+w} g} oxfFsf j'lbi6 d"naf;L
d+uf]nx?sf] j+zh /fhlgtL, cfly{s, wd{, ;+:s[ltnfO{ gi6, e|i6 ug]{ lxGb' s/0f
ug]{Ù hUuf hdLg n'6]/ 6f+6 kN6fO 3/sf] g 3f6sf] agfO{ pl7af; nufpg] x]Kg],
ldRg], k|of;df tlNng /x] . logLx?sf] kf/:kfl/s :jfy{df wSsf nfUbf 7+;fs 7'+;'s
x'g], b+ufpg], 3'sf{pg] u/]tf klg d"naf;L d+uf]nx? cl3 a8\g vf]h]sf] v08df
h'g} ?kn] ePtf klg ;fd, bfd, b08, e]b lgtLåf/f logLx?sf] j+zh g} gi6 u/fpg]
sfddf b'j} r'Sb}gg\ / lj;{b}gg\ . t/ s] ug]{ < ;+rf/ dfWodx?, ;]gf, k|x/L
k|zf;g, Jofkf/, 3/, hdLg ;a}g} ltgLx?n] sAhf ul/;s] kl5 xfdLnfO{ bf+t em/]sf]
af3 n'tf] nfu]sf] s's'/, 6f+6 kN6]sf ;'s'daf;L agfO;s]kl5 / ;dfhg} cr]tg ca:yfdf k'/fO
;s]kl5 PdPgcf]sf] ;kmntf sl7g 5 t/ lglZrt 5 . vfFrf] Tofu, nug lzntf / r]tgfsf]
5 .
/fhf dx]Gb|sf] kfnfb]lv oxfFsf
d"njf;L clxGb'nfO{ afx'gsf] v'§f z'b| agfpg] sfddf lta|tf Nofpg] dfq u/]gg
t/ xfdL d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]n, clxGb' j'lbi6, lqmlZrog, d'l:nd, l;s /
h}gnfO{ /fi6« ljxLg agfP/ lxGb' /fi6« 3f]if0ff u/L lxhf] wf]tL / hg} dfq nufP/
g]kfn leq]sf afx'g 5]qLn] lxGb'
/fi6«sfz/0ffyL{ klg agfPsf 5g\ . dx]Gb|sf] kfnfdf g} lbndfg l;ª yfkf du/ z'b|
eP / kb\d ;'Gb/ nfjtLnfO{ z'b| cyjf s's'/ ;/xsf] afx'gsf] v'§f agfOof] . clkt'
oL b'a}n] zfob} P;Pn;L kf; u/]sf x'gg\ . To;y{ afx'gsf] v'§f eP/ cfˆgf] JolQmut
b'x'gf] ;f]em\ofP . s's'/ eP kl5 k/d :jfdL eQm x'G5 . s's'/nfO{ cfk}m;+u a;fP/
a|]skmf:6, n+r, l8g/ lbP klg
x'G5 . yf]q] jf]/f km]lslbP/ h'7f] eft / km]Sg kg]{ x8\8L km]ls lbP klg x'G5 .
dhfn] vfG5, dhfn] ;'T5 . dflnssf] v'§fdf /ft lbg n'6k'l6G5 . To;sf] ;fgf]
;+;f/g} dflnssf] v'§f xf] / c? s's'/x? b]v] e'S5, ;fdy{ eP 6f]S5 klg / emD6G5
klg . lsg ls To;nfO{ cfˆgf] efu vf]l;lbG5 ls eGg] 8/ /xG5 .
ca cfP/ k8Gt] eGg]x?Ù k/Gt' a'l4
lhjL rflx+ xf]Ogg\ . of] Pp6f 7u hdft ;[hgf u/fO{Psf] 5 . oL cGt/fi6«Lo 7u
hdftsf] hf]uL wGbf t emg P;Pn;L klg plQ0f{ gePsf lbndfg l;+x yfkf du/ / kb\d
;'Gb/ nfjtLsf] eGbf klg lgDg 5 . logLx? t cfk"mnfO{ t hghftL agfP, agfP /
egfP, t/ oxfFsf clxGb" d"naf;L (indigenous) sf] gfddf 7u wGbfsf] yfngL u/]sf5g\ / g]kfn leq rflx+ hghftL eg]/
cfˆgf kf6Lsf dflnsx?nfO{ l/emfpg] / r'l; km]s]sf] xf8 kfOG5 ls eg]/ cfz]
cfFvfn] cfˆgf ltg} afx'g 5]qL dflnsnfO{ x]g]{ u5{g . h;n] xfdLaf6 lng], xfdLnfO{
n'6g], w'tg], dfg]{ d/fpg] sfd dfq ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . hab]lv ltgLx? o; d'n'sdf
z/0ffyL{ eP/ Ho"Hofg hf]ufpg wf]tL / hg} dfq lnP/ leq]sf lyP eg] sf]xL
rflx+ /fh:yfgL kf]iffs bf}/f ;'?jfn nufP/ . rfOgfdf Pp6f pvfg 5, lx+psf]
efn'sf] Tolth]n ;Dd dfq OHht /xG5 hlt+h]n Tof] lx+pdf a:5 . t/ To;af6 tn cf]n]{ kl5
Tof] s's'/ eGbf lgDgsf]6Lsf] x'G5 . To:t} afx'gsf] v'§fsf] tNnf] efu t
k}tfnf xf] . To;nfO{ lxGb' ;dfhdf clt z'b| elgG5 . afx'g, 5]qL, j}Zo, z'b|
lxGb'jfbsf rf/ hft / clt z'b| eP kl5 hftL x'G5 . h:tf] ls ;fsL{, sfdL, bdfO,
ufOg], hghftLTofbL . ljleGg P]ltxfl;s
sf/0fn] ubf{ sfdL, bdfOx?sf] y/ uf]q cg'xf/ lxGb' ;dfhsf] s / v :t/sf jfx'g
5]qL ;+u ;a}g} ldN5 . To:t} hghftL klg ltgLx?sf] /xg, ;xg af]nLrfnL rflx+
clxGb" d"naf;L;+u ldN5 . sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{ w]/} aif{ ;Dd afx'g
5]qLsf] sdf/f blnt eP/ ljtfpg' k/]sfn] cfˆgf]kg y/ ;a} lj;]{/ ;fg}b]lv dflns s}
l;s] ;'g] ToxL cfˆgf] agfP . To:t} /f0ffsf sdf/f hghftLx? klg at{dfg g]kfnsf
ljleGg e]udf lhpg] qmddf oxfFsf d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nsf] efiff, wd{, /xg ;xg
l;Sg afWo eP, To;} eGg afWo eP / cfˆgf] lrtf}l8ofkg ;DaGw lj5]bsf] sf/0fn]
cndlnP . oltsf aif{ ltgLx?n] hghftL, cflbaf;L s]xL eg]gg\, hfg]gg\ t/ bf]>f]
k6s ax'bn NofOP kl5 of] zAb ;8o+qk"j{s bjf{/af6 k|of]u ul/of] / o;sf]
yfngL ug]{ sDo'lgi6x? x'g\ . o;sf] yfngL uf]/vk'/sf] sDo'lgi6 clwj]zgaf6
bjf{/Lo eQm ;'/]z cfn] du/ / tyf slyt sDo'lgi6 g]tf df]xg ljqmd l;+xsf] a'O
r8]/ g]kfn lelqof] / o;n] bjf{l/o ePsf]n]
/]l8of], l6eL, kq klqsfaf6 k|;:t k|rf/ ;fwg kfof]Ù /sd klg xft nfUof] .
hghftLn] blnt hghftL eGbf xfd|f] 6fpsf] b'vfO xf]Og t/ clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] ;+VofnfO{ ljZj ;d'bfodf klg ltgLx?sf] b]vfpg], agfpg], egfpg] e"m7f] / b'i6 lgtL / rl/qk|lt xfd|f] lj/f]w 5 / /xG5 . s] sfdL, bdfO, ;fsL{ lxGb' ;dfhsf] cltz'b| afx'g 5]qLsf] k}tfnfn] y/ uf]qf] ldN5 eGb}df afx'g, 5]qL, sfdL, bdfO, ;fsL{TofbL Pp6} xf] eGof] eg] afx'g 5]qLn] dfG5 < ;xG5 < sfdL, bdfOx?n] klg Tof] eGg] cf+6 u5{ < cflbaf;Lsf] gf/f rflx e|d k}mnfpg] ;8o+qsf] dxfhfn xf] . h'g Pdfn]n] -ca aLdfn] lju|]sf] dfn]_ lj/f6gu/sf] clwj]zgaf6 yfNgL u/of] . g]kfnsf] tyf slyt ;+ljwfgsf] bjf{/Lo, sDo'lgi6 / s+u|]; afx'g 5]qLsf] lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf kq c+u|]hLdf 6«fOjn (tribal) n]lvPsf] 5 / To;sf] pNyf v; efiffdf ljleGg ;d'bfo geg]/ hghftL n]lvPsf] 5 . Pp6} efiff, e"iff, wd{ ePsf] ;d'bfonfO{ 6«fOan (tribal) cyf{t hghftL elgG5 eg] cfo{d"nsf afx'g 5]qLsf] klg t cfˆg} hdft, efiff, /]; ;+:sf/ 5 . ltgLx? lsg cfk"mnfO{ hghftL eGb}gg\ < blnt hghftLsf] j:tjdf g 3/ y/ x'G5 g b]z . afx'g, 5]qL hltg} /S;L wf]s]/ gfnLdf d'v hf]tL lx+8] klg cfk"mnfO{ dtjfnL eGb}gg\ t/ d+uf]nx?n] dfbs kbfy{ 5'+b} g5'P klg dtjfnL eGg] u5{g . of] a'l4sf] lbjflnof kg xf] . k8Gt] / /6Gt] eP/ s] ug]{ a'l4lhjL geP kl5 . oL blnt hghftL cyf{t afx'gsf] k}tfnfx? /fd|f] uf8Ldf lx+88'n ug{' eg]sf] / /fd|f] 3/df a:g' eg]sf] afx'gn] k}tfnfdf /fd|f] h'Qf nufP/ /fd|f] 3/df k:g' / /fd|f] uf8Ldf 3'Dg' ;/x xf] . lsgeg] lxGb'jfbsf] -lxGb' wd{ xf]Og_ 6fps] g} afx'g xf] / To;sf] /Ifs cyjf afx'gsf] :jy{ /Iff ug]{ 5]qL, j}Zo, z'b| kfkof]gLaf6 hGd]sf cyf{t afx'g 5]qLsf] cg}lts ;Gtfg . h:tf] ls ef/tdf c+u|]hx?sf] zf;g ;Qf 5+bf ef/tLo o'jtLaf6 hGd]sfx? PUnf]Ogl8og / leotgfddf cd]/LsL 8f]n/df km;]sf / cd]l/sL ;]gfx?åf/f hGdfOPsf leotgfdL cd]l/sL ;Gtfg . o:tf lju|]sf o'jtLx? cfhef]nL cToGt w[0ffsf] kfq eP/ hLjg ljtfO/x]sf 5g\ / oxfFsf clxGb" d+uf]nsf efjL lk8Ln] oL b'i6tfk"0f{ ?kn] d"naf;Lsf] ;+Vof b]vfpg hdsf]{ ug]{ afx'g 5]qLsf] k}tfnf blnt hghftLsf] cfufdL lk8LnfO{ To:t} 3[0ff ug]{ 5g\ .
efiff, ;+:sf/, lzIff, cfly{s l:ytL x'ls{;s]sf] / bl/nf] agfO ;s]sf afx'g 5]qL g]tfx? s'l;{sf] lgDtL, jl/i6 e|i6rf/L aGgsf] lgDtL nvkltaf6 s/f]8klt, s/f]8 kltaf6 c/aklt aGgsf] lglDt emul8/x]sf 5g\, hfn, e]mn / ;8o+q ug{ lgk'0f ag]/ zlQm xTofpgsf] lglDt nl8/x]sf 5g\ / oL kf6Ldf lk5fnu' c/f}6] e/f}6, xg'dfg v]tfnfx? ltgLx?sf dflnsaf6 r'x]sf] /fn rf6gsf] lgDtL Psf{sfdf of+/ of+/ ª'/ ª'/ ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] PdPgcf] rflx ztfAbLcf}+ ztfAbLb]lv n'l6Psf, e'l6Psf, nvl6Psf, cfˆgf] d'n'sdf cfkm} lj/flgPsf ;'s'daf;L agfOPsf x?jf r?jf agfOPsf clxGb' d"naf;LnfO{ ;j{xf/f agfOPsf] ljzfn d+uf]n ;d'bfosf] xs, clwsf/sf] lglDt bf;tfsf] h+lh/af6 d'Qm ug{sf] lglDt d'lQmsf] n8fO+ nl8/x]sf] 5, lel8/x]sf] 5 . lgZRog} of] n8fO+ cToGt} s7f]/ n8fO xf] . lgd{dtfn] ztfAbLcf}+ lylrPsfx?sf] kIfsf]Ù d[To'sf] d'vdf k'/fOPsfx?nfO{ ;+3f/af6 arfpgsf] lglDt n8]sf] n8fO+ xf] .
h'g ;d'bfo 3f]/ lgGb|fdf n¶ 5 .
ltgLx?nfO{ ljp+emfpgsf] lglDt n8]sf] n8fO+ xf]Ù h;nfO{ cefj u|:t kfl/P/ s+ufn /
xf8–5fnf dfq agfOPsf] ;d'bfosf] d'lQmsf] lglDt n8]sf] n8fO+ xf] . h'g
;d'bfonfO{ ztfJbLcf}+ ztfAbL clzlIft /flvPsfn] c;nL tYo a'em\g} g;Sg] agfOPsf]
5 . a'e\mg} grfxg] xfntdf k'/fOPsf] 5 . ltgLx?sf] cfpFbf] lk8Lsf] 3dfOnf] /
/dfOnf] eljiosf] lglDt n8fO+ n8\g p7fOPsf] kfOnf] xf], sl;Psf] sDd/ xf], sfDg
glbg] agfOPsf] lt3|f xf], s;/t ul/Psf] d'6' / dl:tis xf], gxfg]{ n8fO+ n8\gsf]
lglDt cl3 a8]sf] lb|8 ;+sNk xf] . csf]{ lt/ afx'g 5]qLx? s'6g}lts,
/fhg}lts, lzlIft, wg / zlQmn] pGdflbt zlQm xf] . zf]ifs / zfdGtL ;+:sf/df
hGd]sf kflnPsf / 9flnPsf hdft x'g . xfdLnfO{ xltof/ agfP/ xfdLnfO{ g} k/:k/
n8fP/ le8fP/ cfˆgf] :jy{ l;4 ug{ ;Sg] hdft klg x'g . if8o+qsf/L Vofs x'g h'g
lzIff ltgLx?n] dxfef/t / /fdfo0faf6 dfq xf]Og, sf}l6No / rfgSof lgtLaf6Ù
dg':d[ltaf6 l;s]sf, hfg]sf, 3f]s]sf x'G5g\ . To; afx]s sltko a]b, k'/f0f /
;+:s[t Znf]saf6 s07:y u/]/ lnPsf x'G5g\ . To;}sf/0f g} xf] ljgf xltoof/ o;
d'n'sdf z/0ffyL{ eP/ k;]sfx?n] xfdLnfO{ 6f+6 kfl/lbP . blIf0f clk|msfdf afOan
dfq lnP/ leq]sf uf]/f cfo{x?sf] ktg #%) aif{ kl5 eof] . /f]8]lzofdf em08} Ps
ztfJbL kl5 af]n]leofdf %)) aif{ kl5 ktg eP/ ToxfFsf d"naf;Lx?sf] xftdf
zf;g zQf kms]{sf] 5 . o4kL lt d'n'sx?nfO{ uf]/f cfo{x?n] s+ufn agfP/ 5fl8lbPsf
5g\ eg] zlQm / k};fn] dfq l6Sg g;Sg] k|df0f ldn]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ax';+Vofs
d"naf;L d+uf]n ljp+e\mof], r]tgf kmSof]{, lt3|f / d'6' bl/nf] kf/of] eg]
wf]tL / hg}Ù /fh:yfgL kf]zfs bf}/f ;'?jfn dfq nufP/ leq]sfx?sf] xf/ lgZro g} 5
.
cfˆgf] efjL ;GtfgnfO{ bofdf xf]Og Gofo / clwsf/df afFRg ;Sg], efjL lk8Ls]f ;'/lIft eljios]f lglDt efjL ;Gtfg cfˆg} d'n'sdf z/0ffyL{ xf]Og dflns agfpg nl8Psf] of] n8fO+df s] ;}lgs s] k|x/L k|zf;g, s] lzlIft / clzlIft, s] of] kf6L{ / Tof] kf6L{n] dfq xf]Og afWotf az rf/f] vf]lh vfg ljleGg d'n's k'Ug k/]sf d+uf]nx?n] s] ef/t / j[l6z cfdL{df ePsfx?n] s] g]kfndf / ef/tdf ePsf k"j{ ;}lgsx?n] / ef/t e/ 5l/P/ 9f]s], gfDn], bfDn] ag]/ lhjLsf{]kfh{g ug{ k/]sf / ljleGg k]zf;+u ;DaGbLtx?n] xfd|f] d'lQmsf] ;+3if{df uDeL/ eP/ dgg ul/ lbpg / tg, dg, wgn] ;xof]u ul/lbpg xfd|f] efjL n8fO+ zfGtLk"0f{ 9+uaf6 xf]; cyjf afWotfdf xltof/ p7fP/ xf]; ljho xfd|f] kIfdf lglZrt 5 . hLtn] klv{/x]sf] 5 . s]jn xfdLn] 86]/ lgle{Qmf k"j{s a8\g' k/]sf] 5 . Tof] s;/L eg] clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nnfO{ d+uf]n eGg glbP/ d+uf]nsf] d"naf;L zAb g} sfp;f] eOlbof] /] / btf{ lbPg . t/ g]kfnsf d+uf]nx? ljp+em]/ r'gfjdf pd]bjf/ eP/ rfx] Tof] pd]bjf/ :jt+q xf]; cyjf s'g} g s'g} kf6Laf6 d+uf]n efjgf jf]s]/ ;+;bdf k'u] kl5 Pstfa4 eP/ PdPgcf]sf] btf{sf] lglDt cyjf d+uf]n xLtsf] lglDt alnof] eof] eg] cyjf ;+;b g} SofKr/ ul/lbP kl5 afWo eP/ xfd|f] cg's'n ax';+Vos dfqfdf aG5 . g]nzgd08]nfsf] kf6L{ / ;got ;]gsf] kf6L{n] btf{ kfPsf] sxfF lyof] / < t/ b'j} klxnf] /fi6«klt ag] . b]z e/sf d+uf]nx?n] ;+;bdf lht]/ cfpg' k5{ . efjL lk8Lsf] lglDt 7/f{ jf /fFufsf] df;'df ljSg' x'Fb}g . efjL lk8Ln] ;/fKg] df}sf lbg' x'Fb}g . of] xf] zfGtL (evolutionary theory) k"0f{ tl/sfsf]Ù csf]{ 5 z;:q qmfGtLsf/L (arms revolutionary theory) lgtLn] lahok"0f{?kn] tflnd k|fKt xfd|f k"j{ ;}lgsx?nfO{ cfk"mx? dfly k':tf} k':tfb]lv ;f+r}g} cGofo cTofrf/ n'6kf6 ePsf] yf]/} eP klg cg'ej ug{' k5{ u/fpg' k5{ . ;ft nfv eGbf j];L k"j{ ;}lgsx?df Ps 8]8 nfvn] dfq ;fy lbPklg k'U5 . ltgLx?sf] xftdf xltof/ k'Ug'k5{ . clxn] ;Dd t xfd|f] dfG5] x]bf{ l;+x h:tf] ePtf klg g cGofo ePsf] yfxf 5, g cGofo ug]{sf] < yfxf 5 . 5 t lj/fnf] h:tf] :jfefj ePsf] . nfrf/L cj:yfdf bofsf] emf]nL yfk]/ hf] xft ;f] ;fydf af+r]sf 5g\ . x]5{g ;fgf] sfl/Gbf lkpgb]lv d+qL k|wfg dGqL, /fhf;Dd ltgLx? s} b]V5g\ cfk"mnfO{ g 6]Sg] xfFuf g ;dfpg] 8fnf] s]xL gePsf] x/ 5]qdf ;'s'daf;L b]V5g\ / bofdf afFR5g\ .
ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbn] ljleGg 7fpFdf k};f / xltof/ lbP/ lxGb' ;+u7gsf o'jfx?nfO{ s]xL aif{b]lv /ftL /ftL tflnd lb+b} cfPsf] ePtf klg clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nx? Ps kN6 tft]/ p7] kl5, af}/]/ lx8] kl5 s;}sf] s]xL nfUb}g . To;afx]s ef/tdf g} klg afx'g 5]qLsf] cGofo cTofrf/ ;x]/ afFRg k/]sf d+uf]n ;d'bfo 7"nf] dfqfdf 5g\ . j];s ltgLx? g]kfnaf6 guPsfx? x'g .
s]xL aif{ cl3 c;dsf] ef]O Onfsfdf
c;dL o'jfx?n] n'6g] sfd u/] g]kfnaf6 uPsfx?nfO{ . @^ j6f ufpFsf c;dLx?n] ufO,
e};L, ?lkof, k};f n'6] dlGb/x? eTsfO lbP/ v]b] t/ g]kfnaf6 g} uPsf d+uf]nx?nfO{
l5l;Ss s]xL u/]gg\ . ef]6fªdf klg To:tf] To:t} eof] . afx'g ;+:s[lt / afx'gafb
km}nfpg vf]Hg] / u|]6/ g]kfnsf] xf] xf] df afx'g 5]qLsf] kl5 nfu]/ ef]6]
/fhfnfO{ x]Kg vf]Hg]x?sf] ToxL bzf ePsf] d}n] ToxfFaf6 cfPsf d+uf]nx?af6 a'em+]
. ha d ljleGg z/0ffyL{ lzlj/df k'u]/ a'em]+ / ef]6fªdf g} k'u]/ klg a'em] .
cflv/ xfdLnfO{ bf]hL{lnª, 8'j;{sf] lrof v]tLdf k'/fpg] c;dsf] h+undf cf/f sf6g
/ sf]Onf kf]Ng afWo agfO nv]6g] / ef/tsf] ljleGg e]udf c;'/lIft lhGbuL lhpg' kg]{
l:ytLdf k'/fpg] sf] xf] < ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] log} zfxf, /f0ff
-5]qLx?_ / afx'gx? g} x'g\ . of] ;To tYof cfh;Dd ga'em] klg / a'e\mg g;s] klg
ca a'e\mg' k5{Ù a'em\g ;Sg] aGg'k5{ . g]kfndf j0f{–e]bL lgtL / /fhlgtL 5 .
xfdLnfO{ ztfAbLcf} zfxfn] zf]if0f u/of]{ . s] s]6f, s]6L, s] a'9f, a'9L s]
ue{jtL s]xL gegL lgd{dtf k"j{s dfg]{, lhpFb} gbLdf x'TofO lbg], gfs, sfg,
sf6L lbg] -cfo{
/fdn] /fj0fsL alxgL cgfo{ ;'k0f{vf+sf] gfs sfl6lbP h:tf]_ sf] xf] < log}
lrtf}8] zfxfsf ;Gtfg xf]Og < To; kl5 ztfJbLcf}+ lgd{dtf k"j{s xfd|f]
wd{ / a+zhsf] gf; u/L zf];g / zf;g ug]{ pg} lrtf}l8of /f0ff / To; kl5 log}
afx'gx? . of] xfdLn] /fd|/L a'emg' k5{ / lgle{Qmf k"j{s lhpFbf] dfG5]
h:tf] eP/ eGg' ;Sg], af]Ng' ;Sg] agfpg' k5{ xfd|f] lht lgZro 5 . lht b]/L xf]nf
cGw]/L 5}g . dnfO{ yfxf 5 d]/f] of] efiffn] xfdL d"naf;LnfO{ k/f:t ug{
sHofpgsf] lglDt logLx?sf] ub{g k/:k/df ldN5, kf/:kf/Ls å]if, e|i6rf/, z+sf
pkz+sf lj;]{/ glhlsg] 5g\ . tkfO{x?nfO{ yfxf g} x'g' kg]{ Ps hgf /fd]5fksf]
lrq/fh pkfWofo, af;tf]nfn] Pstfsf æd+uf]nx?
/fIf;sf cjtf/ x'gÆ eg]/ n]v]sf] lyof] . of] km6fxf afx'gnfO{ yfxf g} x'g' kg]{
/fIf;sf] ;Gtfg t ;'? ;'?df ufO uf]?sf] df;' / ;'/f ;'Gb/Lsf] lglDt / cfˆgf]
:jy{sf] lglDt g/jnL r8fpg] dfG5]sf] sf6' vfg], n'6kf6 u/]/ cfˆgf] agfpg]
afx'gx? g} x'g eg]/ .
afx'gx?sf] k/d k'Ho u'? jlzi7n] g}
eg]sf 5g\ . ltd|f] 5f]/f]nfO{ anjfg, a'l4dfg agfpg] xf] eg] jf5fsf] df;' l3pdf
ksfP/ v'jfpg] u/ eg]/ . Pstfsf ;d|f6x?n] afx'gx?sf] lglDt b}lgs b'Ob]lv c8fO
xhf/ ;Dd uf]? sf6]/ v'jfpg' kYof]{ h;n] ubf{ v]t afnLdf hf]tgsf] lglDt cefj
eof] / ufOnfO{ cfdf eGg] t/ cfdfsf] nf]Ug] afa' uf]?nfO{ vfg 5f8\g' kof]{ .
;f]d /;, dw'ks{ logLx?n] vfg] /S;L xf] eg] k/L df]h ug]{ j]Zox? x'g\ . x/]s
b[i6Ln] afx'gx? /fIf;sf] cjtf/ b]lvG5 eg] d+uf]nx? t a'4sf ;Gtfg x'g\ . ;+;f/
eujfgsf] d'7Ldf 5Ù eujfg d+qsf] d'7Ldf 5 / d+q afx'gsf] d'7Ldf 5Ù o;f];n] ;+;f/
g} afx'gsf] xf] . afx'g zf;g ug{nfO{ hGd]sf x'g\ c? zflift / afx'gsf] ;]jf
ug{sf] lglDt . hf] ;'s}sf] h'g ;'s} a:t' h'g;'s} a]nf / h'g;'s} 7fp+Dff l6k]
cyjf 6ksfP klg Tof] rf]]/]sf] / n'6]sf] 7xl/Gg eGg] ;f]r ePsf logLx?n] ef/tsf
d"njf;L / g]kfnsf d"naf;Lx?nfO{ s]
u/]g]g\ xf]nf < Pstfsf d+qsf] o'u lyof] xf]nfÙ To; kl5 tGqsf] o'u klg cfof]
xf]nf t/ of] o'u o+qsf] o'u xf] . 9'+ufnfO{ b"b dfG5]nfO{ d't v'jfpg] /
vfg] ;+:sf/df x's]{sf logLx?s]f k'msf{Odf, 8/, wDsLdf, rfkn';L rfs/Ldf nfUof]
ls ;j{gf; / ktg tkm{ ndSof] . xhf/f} jif{sf] 36gfqmdn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] tYof xf]
of] .
xfdLnfO{ ljleGg sfndf ;snL / gsnL
n8fO+x?df ws]nL lbP To;sf] cfdbfgLn] logLx? kflnP, df]h u/] . s+ufnaf6 dxfs+ufn
agfP . xfd|f k'vf{nfO{ pl7af; nufP kl5 xfd|f k'vf{sf] hUuf hdLg x8k]/ cfˆgf] agfP . g]kfnsf] !(%! sf]
qmfGtLsf] py'n k'y'n kl5sf] abnfp eg]sf] s]xL klg xf]Og dfq Tof] ;DbL vns /f0ff
zf;g ;Qfaf6 csf]{ ;DbL vns zfxfsf] xftdf /fhg}lts, cfly{s x/ 5]qsf] zf;g zlQm
x:tfGt/0f dfq lyof] . b'j} lrtf}l8of, /fh:yfgL g} lyP . ef/tdf ePsf] !($&
sf] :jfwLgtf ;+u|fd klg kl5 ef/t leq]sf uf]/] cfo{x?af6 # xhf/ % ;f}+ aif{
cl3sf cfqmd0f sf/L, Wjf+;fTds cft+ssf/L k|j[ltdf ef/t leq]/ sfnf] /+udf
kl/0ft eO{ ;s]sf sfnf] cfo{sf] xftdf zf;g x:tfGt/g dfq lyof]Ù h'g TofxfFsf j[xb
d"naf;L hdftnfO{ yfxf g} ePg . h:tf] ls g]kfnsf jx';+Vofs d"naf;L
d+uf]nnfO{ cfh %) aif{ eGbf a];L eO;Qmf klg yfxf g} 5}g . afx'gx? eg]sf] t/n
kbfy{ h:t} k|s[lt / ;+:sf/df hGdL x's]{sf k|f0fL x'g\ . htf dNs' pt} 9Ns' .
logLx?df vf;} ;}bflGts df}lnQmf / c8fg 5}g dfq ltgLx? s] ubf{ cfˆgf] / cfˆgf]
j+zhsf] :jy{ l;4 x'G5 Tof] dfq x]5{g\ . cfˆgf] :jy{s} lglDt gf+uf] lzjnfO{ cfo{
k'qL kfj{tL le8fO lbP . cfˆgf] :jy{ s} lglDt ef/tsf] hugfy k'/Ldf /flvPsf]
;+;f/ k|l;4 sf]lxg'/ lx/f ToxfFsf] afx'g w'kf}/]n] 3'; :jf?k To;tfsfsf j[l6;
ujg{/ n8{ j]n];nLnfO{ v';'Ss lbPsf lyP . To; tfsf hugfyk'/L dlGb/sf] cfDbfgL
jif]{gL @$ nfv #& xhf/ %!) ?lkof lyof] . of] b'O;f} aif{ cl3sf] s'/f xf] .
!(!! b]lv !(^% ;Dddf dfq j[xb ;+Vofdf dfG5] dfg]{ s+;fO agfOPsf] u'?ª -td'_
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em08f k[YjL /fh rf}xfgsf] em08f;+u ldN5 .
k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxf Pstfsf] k|tLs geP/ lxGb' ;fd|fHoafbLsf] k|tLs xf] . pgL Pstfsf k|tLs x+'bf] xf] t o; d'n'sdf ePsf ;a} efiffsf ;d'bfon] wd{ ;dk|bfon] ;dfgtfsf] ?kdf clwsf/ kfPsf] x'GYof] . k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxf b'O gDj/L lxGb' ePtf klg Ps gDa/L vfF6L lxGb' afx'gnfO{ >L ^ dfGg' k5{ / p;}sf] efiff ;+:s[tsf] afx'No 5 . ;+:s[t efiffsf] lglDt ljleGg ?kdf s/f]8f} vr{ ul/G5 . h:tf] /]l8of], l6eL, ;+:s[t :s"nx?df of] /sd afx'gx?sf] vNtLaf6 geP/ ;sf{/L l9s'6Laf6 vr{G5 / To; l9s'6Ldf ax' ;+Vofs d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nsf] s/ klg y'lk|Psf] 5 . sf7df08" ;+:s[t 5fqaf;df (! hgf dfq afx'g ljBfyL{x? ePtf klg ltgn] 6'KkL 78fPsf] / hg} xNnfPs} e/df ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf kfPsf x'G5g\ / of] (! hgf afx'gsf] lglDt ^) nfv vr]{sf] x'G5 . t/ csf]{ lt/ &% hgf blntsf] lglDt $% xhf/ dfq . ;+:s[t k8\g] afx'gx?sf] lglDt dxfljBfno / ljZjljBfno 5 ha ls of] efiff ljZjs} d[ts efiff / g]kfnsf] Pp6} klg 3/ kl/jf/n] af]Nb}g .
g]kfnsf clxGb" d"naf;L (indigenous) d+uf]nx? /fi6« x'g / logLx?sf] efiff, a'4 wd{ /fi6« x'g . o; sf/0f oxfF /fi6«Lo wd{ x'g' g} k5{ eg] a'4 wd{ x'g'k5{Ù lxGb'/fi6« xf]Og . gq eg] wd{ lg/k]If . oxfFsf] Sofn]08/ ls a'lbi6 Sofn]08/ x'g'k5{ ls rflx cGt/fi6«Lo Sofn]08/ ;g rnfOg' k5{ t/ ljqmd ;Dat xf]Og . of] ;Tof s'/f d}n] !(*% df k|sflzt d]/f] g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;rfOdf klg n]v]sf] 5', h'g k':tssf] sf/0f dnfO{ b'j6f /fhb|f]xL d'4f nufOof] . s'g} klg kf]iffsnfO{ /fi6«sf] kf]iffs agfOg' x'Gg . g]kfnsf] /fi6«:t/sf] ;Dks{ efiff v; efiff afx]s lxGbL / c+u|hL klg agfOg' k5{ . of] tYotf dfly k|sfz kf/]/ n]Vbf k+rfot sfndf h'nfO{ #!, !(*$ df bfªsf b]j axfb"/ s];Ln] d]/f] lj?4df To;tfsfsf /fi6«Lo k+rfotdf dnfO{ sfaf{xL x'g'kg]{ / d]/f] k|sfzg / ;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt Go"nfO6 ;fKtfxLsnfO{ aGb ul/g' kg]{ dfu u/]sf lyPÙ h'g s'/f csf]{ lbg uf]vf{kq b}lgsdf k|sflzt eof] / d}n] s8f zAbdf ;DkfbsLo n]vL hjfj lbg'k/]sf] lyof] . To;tfsfsf Ps hgf zlQmzfnL 7flgg] afx'g k"0f{ k|;fb a|Xd0fn] d]/f] lj?4 cleofg rnfP, k|];df uO{ Go"nfO6 g5fKg / Go"nfO6n] k|];nfO{ lbg] vr{ ;/sf/L dfWodaf6 k|];nfO{ h'6fO lbg] k|nf]eg lbPsf lyP . d]/f] n]v / d]/f] ljifodf gofF ;8sdf efif0f g} 5f+6]sf lyP . t/ ;a} kf6L{df x?jf r?jf / xg'dfg eP/ sfd ug]{ d+uf]n cg'xf/sf g]tf elgdfUg]x?n] vf]O cfh;Dd o:tf s'/f p7fpg ;s]sf < o:tf /fi6«Lo ljifo / cfˆgf] efjL ;Gtfgsf] ljifodf kf6L{ leq g} s'/f ug{ ;Sg] lxDdt ug{' t stf xf] stf pN6f] d]/} vf]O/f] vg]/ ltgLx?sf dflns l/emfpg] sfddf oltsf] aif{ ljtfP . o:tf g]tfx?nfO{ efjL ;Gtfgn] lwsfg]{ 5g\ . afx'gsf] v'§f -z'b|_ :jLsf/L ;s]sf] / lxGb' ;dfh leqs} afx'gsf] k}tfnf eO;s]sf] hghftL ;d'bfo, lkml/u], jghf/f hghftLsf] t s'/} gu/f}+ c? d} x'+ eGg] 7"n} hdft klg x]bf{ af3 h:tf] b]lvg] lj/fnfx? /x]5g\ . afx'gsf] k}tfnf eO;s]sf blnt hghftLx?n] kGb| aif]{ nfdf] cjwLdf d"naf;Lsf] (indigenous) gfddf 7lu vfgafx]s s]xL l;s]g P]n] cfP/ u0ft+q / nf]st+qsf] l8ª xf+S5g\, ha ltgLx?sf dflnsx? jfWo eP/ of] gf/f lnP/ ;8sdf cf]n]{ @))% sf] cGtlt/ . slxn] ;]kf{ hghftL blntx? slxn] blnt tfdfª / u'?ª blnt hghftLx?n] nf];f/ dgfpg] gfddf d"naf;Lsf] gfd ljsfpFb} rGbf p7fof]Ù rksfof] ug]{ cEof;df lgk'0f ePsfx?n] wd{ lg/k]Ifsf] cfjfh hf]/bf/ ?kdf p7fP/ clwj]zgdf k|:tfj kf; ug]{ cf+6 slxNo} u/]gg\Ù ha ;Dd dfcf]afbLsf] sf/0fn] ltgLx?sf dflns kf6L{x?n] p7fPgg\ . csf]{lt/ rGbf / ;sf{/L /sdaf6 k|fKt /sd krfpgsf] lglDt blnt hghftL h;nfO{ lkml/u] / aghf/f klg elgG5Ù To:tf c? ;d'bfon] lxGb' ;dfhdf g} k|rlnt l;Gb'/ kf]t] nufP/ gfRof] hf+8\ vfof], krfof] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf hdftn]] cfˆgf] t ktg u/fP/ g} 5f8\] . t/ ltgLx?sf] cfpFbf] lk8LnfO{ klg g kz' g kIfL h:tf] rd]/f agfP/ 5f8\5g\ cyjf g kz' g dfG5] h:tf] u0f]]z agfpF5g\ .
dnfO{ g]kfnsf] 7/f{, u'Gb|s / l;GsL
vfg] txb]lv nfvf} ?lkofsf] x':sL,
j/f08L / *$ JofGhg vfP/ lbg e/L ;'Tg] /ft e/L p7g] g]kfnLx? lrGg @%–@^ aif{
nfUof] . d g]kfnsf] ljleGg e]usf] t/fO / kxf8df 3'd]+, lnlvt / clnlvt Oltxf;
k8]+ / dflg;x?nfO{ lzlIft agfpg] k]zfdf klg hLjgsf s]xL aif{x? ljtfP+ / dL7f
lttf cg'ejx? a6'n]+ . Onfdsf] sf]na'ªdf !(%@ lt/
afv|fsf] 6f6gfdf :s"n vf]n]/ k8fP+ . PskN6 Pshgf d]/} ljBfyL{
afx'gsf] ljx]df lgDtfn' eP/ k'u]+ . et]/df a:bf csf]{ ufpFn] afx'g df:6/;+u
dnfO{ a:g' x'Gg elgof] . æk8]/ df:6/ ef] t s] ef] afx'gsf] gh/df t z'b| g
elg+bf] / 5 .Æ d}n] et]/ g} 5f8]/ lx8+] . dnfO{ ;+emgf 5 Tof] ljBfyL{sf] gfd
ofd k|;fb / y/ cfrfo{ afx'g xf] . cfrfo{ klg uha s} 5 sf]xL w]/} aif{ k8]/ b'v
si6 ;x+b} cfrfo{ l8u|L xfl;n u5{g . sf]xL hGd l;4 cfrfo{ . o:tf cfrfo{n] k8]/ klg
cfrfo{ kf; u/] kl5 æls al/i7 cfrfo{ elgg' k5{ ls rflx+ 8an cfrfo{ .Æ zfob
logLx? dxfef/tsf b|f]0ffrfo{sf ;Gtfg x'g . o:tf k8\b} gk8L hGd l;4 cfrfo{ aGg
k'u]sf efUodfgL afx'gx? cfOP klg plt0f{ gu/]sf l;lsd]nL d'Vofd+qL ag] kl5 k8\b}
gk8L 8S6/ aGg k'u]sf kjg rfdlnª h:t} al/i7 efUodfgL JolQm x'g\Ù cfrfo{x? . cxf
Sof dhf 8S6/ kjg rfdlnª . rfs/L xf]; t o:tf] ;kmntfsf] . !(%# ;fndf d DofUbL
lhNnfsf] $ xhf/ kj{t /fv'df k'u]+ lzIfs eP/ . j'6jnb]lv em08} xKtf} nufP/ lx8]
kl5 k'luof] /fv', dNn 7s'/L ufpF . To; Onfsfdf hfFbf d}n] ;'g] w]/yf]/
k8]n]v]s} eP klg / ;}lgs hLjg latfP/ ;'6]6 a'6]8 eP/ g} ufpF kms]{sf] jf 5'l§
ljtfpg cfPsf ePtf klg c? ufpFn] du/x?n] 3f+; bfp/f ul//x]sf] 7s'/L /fhf;+u hDsf
e]6 eP bz cf}+nf hf]8L, lz/ gt u/]/ hbf} ug{' kYof]{ . hbf} zAb ho b]jsf] cke|z
xf] . afx'g 5]qLn] cfk"mx?nfO{ b]jtfsf ;Gtfg eg]/ zf;g ug]{ ePsfn]
æb]jtfsf] ho xf];Æ eg]sf] xf] . To;tfsf ef/t uP/ cfPsfnfO{ d'Unfg] eGg]
ul/GYof] / ef/t uP d'Unfg uPsf] elgGYof] lsg eg] ef/tnfO{ d'uf]nx?n] -afa'
d+uf]n cfdf kl;{ogaf6 hGd]sf_ zf;g u/]sf] d'n's xf] . To; kl5 ef/t hfg]nfO{
b]zL elgg] ul/of] ;xL cy{df ef/t g]kfnLsf] lglDt ljb]z xf] . g]kfnaf6 n8\b},
le8\b} g]kfnsf] e"ld nDofpFb}, rf}8fpb} sfª8f, gfnfkfgL k'u]sf
uf]vf{nLx?nfO{ nfp/] elgg] ul/of] / cfh ;Dd ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnL nfp/],
ef/tsf] nfp/], a[l6z nfp/] eGg] ul/G5 . hals cfh ef]nL nfx'/ hfg kf;kf]6{ /
kfls:tfgsf] le;f rflxG5 . ;'?df uf]vf{nLx? uf]vf{ ;/b cyf{t cfhsf] g]kfn
gkms]{/ /0flht l;+xsf] kmf}hdf etL{ ePsf lyP nfx'/df .
;sf/0f of] nfx'/] zAbn] klg d'Unfg] zAbn] h:t} Oltxf; af]s]sf] 5 . klxnf] ljZj o'4df leS6f]/Lo qm; kfpg] t'n axfb'/ k'g klg To;} Onfsfsf x'g\ . d !(%# df lzIfs eP/ k'u]sf] DofUbL lhNnfsf] $ xhf/ kj{t /fv' eGbf cemdfly sf] xf] p .
Pp6f /dfOnf] 36gf /fv'sf] . Ps lbg
d g'xfO ;s]/ d]/f] s§'' / uGhL
wf/fdf g} kfgLsf] kmf]xf]/fdf 5f8L kfgL yfKg cfPsL Pp6L o'jtLnfO{ kfgL yfKg
5fl8lbP+ . t/ p;n] kfgL ge/]/ 3l/ dnfO{ t 3l/ d]/f] n'ufnfO{ x]b}{ ple/xL . ha
d}n] p;nfO{ kfgL yfk]/ hfg eg] t p;n] n'uflt/ ;+s]t ub}{ æxh'/sf] Tof]
lgsfln:of]; gÆ egL . d}n] dflyaf6} kfgL e/]/ hfg eGbf æ5f]OG5 lg xh'/
d'lvofx?n] b]v] dfl/xfN5g\ gLÆ egL cyf{t p;sf] df6f]sf] 3}nf / 8f]sf]sf] 5fof
;Dd d]/f] n'ufdf kg{' x'Gg ckljq x'g] u5{ . kl5 d}n] a'e\mb} hf+bf xfdL t
g]kfnsf] x/ 5]qdf kf] c5't agfOPsf /5f}+ . To; kl5 d}n] ufpg yfn+] / ljBfyL{x?nfO{
klg l;sfpg yfn]+ æhfp+=====hfp+===== efO xf]======= ;+3if{ ug]{ xf]===== r'k
nfUg] lbg 5}g . 7fn'sf] ljtf{ lng' 5 lkmtf{===r'knfUg] lbg 5}g === . 5f} eg]
db{====== lgsfn sb{ r'k nfUg] lbg 5}g====== hfp+ hfp+==== efO xf]==== ;+3if{
ug]{ xf] r'k nfUg] lbg 5}g==== .Æ ef/tLo ;]gfdf klg g]kfns} zf;sx?sf] cg'/f]wdf
7s'/Ln] SofK6g ;Dd kfpg] uYof]{ eg] c?n] xjNbf/ ;Dd dfq . ufpF kms]{ kl5 klg kb
/ k};fn] c? eGbf 7s'/L /fhf dfly g} kg]{ / kfg]{ ul/GYof] . em08} bh{gf}
uf]vf{nLx?n] klxnf] / bf]>f] ljZjo'4df kfPsf] sf+;sf] 6'qmfsf] leS6f]/Lo qm;
klg d]/f] ljrf/df æafFb/sf] k'R5/ nf}/f] g xltof/Æ h:t} xf] .
g]kfnsf] vDa'jfg o'4 cl3 klg b'O
hgf afx'gx?n] k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxfnfO{ ;3fpg 7"nf] if8\o+qsf] e"ldsf
v]n]sf lyP . lt b'O afx'gx? x'g\ x/LgGb kf]v|]n / lqnf]rg kf]v|]n . k[YjL
gf/fo0f zfxfnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf vDa'jfg xfGg] uf]Kof jf6f] 3f6f] jtfP, ?lkof k};f
a6'n]/ ;3fP / vDa'x?sf] u'bL s'/f kQf nufP/ k7fpg] u'Ktr/sf] sfd u/] h;n] ubf{
vDa'afg xfGg ;lhnf] t eof] t/ lhTg' rflx+ xDd] xDd] g} k/of] . lslt{k'/]x? ;+u
n8\bf s] a'9fa'9L s] s]6f s]6L s] k]6af]s]sf / ;'Ts]/L ePsf :jf:gL dflg;x? s]xL
gegL e]6] hlt ;a}sf]
gfs sfg sf6g] e+'8L kmf]l/lbg] / dfl/lbg] sfd lgd{dtf k"j{s lg/+s'ztf /
lgi7"/tf k"j{s u/] . k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxfn] vDa'jfg xfGg] ljrf/ ug{
yfn] kl5 afªUo a;Goftsf] g]t[Tjdf cToGt uf]Ko ?kdf vDa'jfg k'u]sf] bnn] afx'g
5]qLx?nfO{ k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxfsf] kIfdf u/fpg] e"ldsf v]Ng yfn] . pQm
gfdf+lst b'O kf]v|]n afx'gx?sf] ;xof]u / k"mlt{ kmftL{ r'lnP/ uof] .
To;tfsf vDa'jfgnfO{ æls+/ft k|b]z cyjf dfem ls/f+tÆ klg eGg] uYof]{ .
o;} ls+/ft k|b]znfO{ cf]Nnf] ls+/ftn] klg k'sfl/GYof] . of] c?0f gbLsf] klZrdL
e]udf kYof]{ . lnDa'jfgnfO{ rflx+ kNnf] ls/f+t elgg]
ul/GYof] . o;sf] l;dfgf c?0f gbL lyof] . kl5 uP/ o;} cf]Nnf] ls+/ftnfO{ dfem
ls+/ft klg elgg] ul/of] . b|Jof zfxfn] n'sfO /fv]sf] afx'g 5]qLn]
/ftL uf]vf{ cfqmd0f u/L u'?ª du/nfO{ ;vfk kf/]g';f/ g} vDa'jfgdf klg /ftL g}
cfqmd0f ug]{ sfd eof] . o;sf] g]t[Tj afx'gaf6 gv;L du/af6 ;f]em} lxGb' eP/
/fd|f] kb cf]u6L k[YjL gf/fo0fsf eQm ePsf cd/ l;+x yfkf / /fds[i0f yfkfn] u/]sf
lyP . o4kL xg'dfg ;]gfdf rflx+ u'?ª du/ g} lyP . cfqmd0f eP kl5 afx'g 5]qLx?n]
k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxfsf] ho ho ufpg yfn] eg] vDa'x?n] cfˆgf] lkt[ e"ldsf]
lglDt Hofgsf] afhL nufP/
;'/jL/ eP/ n8] / aiff}{;Dd wg' sf+8n] g} nl8/x] t/ e'ms]gg\ / cfTd ;dk{0f u/]gg\
h;/L lnDa'x?n] klg g cfTdf ;dk{0f u/] g em's] a? kl5 ;GwL ;k{0f u/] . kl5
/fds[i0f s'jf/n] k[YjL gf/fo0fnfO{ k7fPsf l/kf]6{g';f/ xhf/f}+ v'Da'nfO{ lu+8L
lbPsf], rf/k+fr ;onfO{ lhpFb} c?0f gbLdf k]msLlbPsf]Ù ;o rf}bx :jf:gL dfG5] /
s]6f s]6LnfO{ ks]|/ lgd{dtf k"j{s bjfOPs]f elgPsf] 5 / dfem ls+/ft kmt]
ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . o;}tfsf k"jL{ e]u x'Fb} l;lsd k'u]sfx? dWo]s} ;Gtfg kjg
rfdlnª Og]lug]sf afx'g 5]qL;+u y'/y'/ eP/ ltgLx?nfO{ ;Gt'i6 u/fO cfˆgf] b'gf]
;f]e\mofpgsf] lglDt d[To' t'No eP/ afFr]sf 5g\ . af3sf] cg'xf/df lj/fnf] eP/
afFr]sf 5g\ / ltg} afx'g 5]qLnfO{ v'zL kfg{sf] lglDt / a'4 wd{jnDaLx?sf]
ljgfzsf] lglDt
/fyf]ª r'df Pp6f xfO8n k|f]h]S6sf] of]hgfdf !# s/f]8 ?lkof vr{ u/] . t/ kl5
ljZjJofkL ?kdf a'4 wd{jnDaLxn] lj/f]w u/] kl5 / d}n] klg n]v n]v] kl5 /f]Sg} kg]{ eof]
/f]s] . ca P]n] lxGb'x?s} k|tLs lzjsf] ljzfn d"lt{ 78fOPsf] 5 . afFr]sf t
afFr]sf afx'g 5]qLg} eP t/ d/]sf efg'eQm ;+u klg rfdlnª t;{G5, nqG5 / ljzfn
d"lt{sf] v'§fdf uP/ 9f]lulbg] u5{ . zfob ca lhp+bf] afx'gn] v'§f 9f]Ug lb+b}g
/ xf] Sof/] . Pstfsf l;lsddf e08f/Lsf] kGb| jif]{ :jfl:ts lrGx h:t} q'm/tfsf]
k|lts af]s]sf] zf;g sfndf g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfOn] e'sDk NofOlbP kl5
zlQmn] dfltPsf, kfltPsf e08f/L cfltg yfn] . ef/tLo kq klqsfdf rfdlnª
lj?4df dfq xf]Og d]/f] lj?4df klg n]vfpg yfn] . æl;lsdsf] ;+s6 sflng l:yltdf
g]kfn l:yt ;fdk|bflos d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgn] e"ldsf v]Ng yfn]sf] 5 .
o;sf k|]l;8]06 uf]kfn u'?ª Pstfsf sf7df08" h]ndf klg k/]sf lyPÆ e08f/Lsf]
cfo{ zf;g ;dfKt ug]{ e"ldsf jf/+af/
ul/x]sf 5g\ . rfdlnª d'Vof d+qL alg;s] kl5 klg e08f/L lgGb|fdf
jj{/fP h:tf] jj{/fO/x]sf lyP . ærfdlnª t sfo{jfxs d'Vofd+qLdfq xf] . ;xL ;+rfns
t uf]kfn u'?ª xf] hf] sf7df08"df a;]/ ;+rfng u5{ . rfdlnª ^ dlxgf klg
l6sb}g .Æ Pstfsf kjg rfdlnª cfkm}n] klg Pp6f efif0fdf k|i6 ?kdf eg]sf lyP . æ========
!( ;]K6]Dj/ !((@ sf] lbg cfxfn]6f/ gfDrLdf ædnfO{ kf6L{af6 lgisfl;t ubf{
e08f/Ln] d dfly
cf/f]k nfPsf] lyof] . kjg rfdlnª d+uf]nsf] g]tf xf] . o;sf] u'? sf7df08"
a:g] uf]kfn u'?ª xf] . uf]kfn u'?ªåf/f lnlvt g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfO gfds
k':ts b]vfpFb} of] k':ts rfdlnªsf] u'? d+q xf]Ù eg]sf lyP . g]kfndf uf]kfn u'?ª
bfhL{lnªdf ;'efif l3l;ª / l;lsddf kjg rfdlnª ldn]/ 7"nf] d+uf]lnog /fh u7g
ug{ vf]Hb}5 .Æ rfdlnªn] e08f/LnfO{ hjfkm lb+b} cem cl3 eg]sf lyPÙ æPp6f uf]kfn
u'?ªsf] r]nf / csf]{ sDo'lgi6 Ps} rf]6L s;/L x'g ;S5 < 5s} kbf]{ s'/f xf]Ù
h;n] dnfO{ lxhf] ;Dd uf]kfn u'?ªsf] r]nf / d+uf]n /fHosf] g]tf eg]/ ufnL ubf{
p;sf] Rofk" yfSb}gYof] .Æ pxL rfdlnª zlQmdf k'u]kl5 slxn] blnt hghftL
afx'gsf] k}tfnf :jLsf/]/ hghftL blnt ljifodf k':ts n]vfO{ uf]Kof ?kdf af+8g
nufp+ 5g\ t slxn] d+uf]nafb / afx'gafb lxGb'Tjsf] cle;fk n]vfP/ dnfO{ ;fkmL ufnL ug{ nufpF5g\ .
s[tWgtfsf] klg k/fsfi6sf] kl/ro xf] of] . g]kfnaf6 k'u]sf /fhfsf b"tx?sf]
sfg km'sfOdf d:t 5g\ rfdlnª . rfdlnª h;sf] k'vf{nfO{ nv]6]/ ljb]zdf klg /}tL
agfO ;+rf];+u a:g lbPg ltg}sf] ;Gtfgsf] clU3n lt/ n'+8f] k'R5/ xNnfpFb} :jfdL eQm
aGgdf l3g nfUg' t xf]Og uj{n] dSv k/]sf 5g\ . e08f/Ln] klg g]kfnsf jfx'g
5]qLsf] u'? d+q gl;s]sf] eP p;sf] ktg gx'g ;sYof] . h'g u'? d+q cfh ef]nL kjg
rfdlnªn] lz/f]wfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . e08f/L h;n] d l;lsd k:g] yfxf kfP kl5 l;ªtfddf
u'08f /fv]sf lyP . d blIf0f l;lsd 3'Dbf o'jf s+u|];sf g]tfx? nufO{ uj{g{/nfO{
lr7L n]vL dnfO{ l;lsd lgsfnf ug{ elgPsf] lyof] t/ ;kmn ePg . l;lsd, bf]hL{lnª,
ef]6fª c;d / ef/tsf] sltko e]udf efg'eQmnfO{ / To; e]usf afx'g 5]qLnfO{
g]kfnLx? æg]kfnL afx'g 5]qLÆ eGg] u5{g . s]xL aif{ o;f] g]kfn / ef/tdf
afx'gx?n] uf]Ko ?kdf /x:odo 9+uaf6 efg'eQmsf] d"lt 78ofpg] / cflb slj eg]/
9f]ufpg] sfddf JofkQmf NofPsf] 5 . To;df l;lsd] d'Vod+qL / bf]hL{lnªsf s]xL afx'g
eQm]x?sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . efg' eQm jf:tjdf slj xf]Og pNyfsf/ xf] .
efg'eQmn] slt j6f ultnf / ;fdflhs s'k|yf lj/f]wL sljtf n]v]sf 5g\ < nIdL
k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] t'Ngfdf g]kfndf s'g} slj 5}gg\ . afns[i0f ;dn] klg /f0ff ePsf
sf/0fn] / g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fn] :jLsf/ ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] lr;f] r'Nxf]df uf}/L /
;Gt]nfO{ nug uf+7f]df af+w]/ pEofpg} ;s]gg\ . c? t cfsif{s hnk dfq x'g .
efg'eQmsf] s'/f n]Vbf n]Vb} stf /+uflnP 5 x+ s'/fsf] nsf]{ . efg'eQm cl3 klg
sljx? lyP . t/ efg' eQmnfO{ To;tfsfsf] zf;g ;Qfn] cflb sljsf] gfd o; sf/0fn]
lbof]ls p;n] /fdfo0f pNyf u/]/ v; efiffsf] Jofks k|rf/ dfq u/fPg lxGb' cfo{
lx/f] /fd / >LdtL l;tfnfO{ b]jtf / b]jLsf] ?kdf pEofO lbP/ 9f]Ug l;sfpg]
k"mn kftL r8fpg], w"k jlQ ug]{ agfO lbP/ g]kfnsf] d"naf;L
d+uf]nx?sf] /fi6« efiffnfO{ ljno u/fpgdf 7"nf] dbt u/of] . bf]hL{lnªdf
lzIff km}nfpg] efg' eQmsf] /fdfo0f xf]Og, lqmlZrogsf] afOan xf] . jfOan v;
efiffdf 5flkPsf] ;g !(@! df xf] . To; afx]s h]P P6gn] !*@) df Jofs/0f lgsfn]sf
lyP eg] 6g{a'nn] **&
df g} zAbsf]if tof/ kf/]/ k|sfzgdf NofPsf lyP . To; afx]s !*@! dfg} bf]hL{lnªdf
@% j6f k|fOd]/L :s"nx? klg ;+rfngdf lyof] . efg' eQmsf] /fdfo0f
!(#) df dfq k'Uof] bf]hL{lnªdf . kl5 /f0ffsf u'Ktr/x? klg k'u]/ k8fpg] k]zfdf t
nfu] t/ ltgLx?sf] lelqof sfd rflx+ afx'gafbnfO{ Jofks agfO To; e]usf g]kfnsf
clxGb' d+uf]ndf k|efj kfg]{ e|fds Oltxf; km}nfpg] g} /of] . efg' eQm g}lts
lb|i6Ln] klg ktg ePsf JolQm x'g . p slj xf]Og pNyfsf/ xf] eg]/ t d}n] dflyg}
n]lv;s]sf] 5' . efg' eQmn] hflu/] 5+bf ;sf{/L k};f w]/} lxgf ldgf u/] jfkt h]n
k/]sf lyP / uhfw/ ;f]tL gePsf] df}sf kf/L uhfw/sL >LdtLnfO{ af; dfUg k'u]sf
lyP . t/ uhfw/sL >LdtLn] efg' eQmsf] cflgjfgL yfxf kfPsLn] af; lbOgg\ . af;
glbP kl5 æuhfw/sL 3/ j'l8of t cnl5gL /x]l5g\Æ eg]/ sljtf n]vL b'gf{d u/]sf lyP
. 3f+;Ln] s'jf vgfPsf] s'/f o;sf/0f klg e"m7f] xf] ls kxf8df k|;:t} kfgL
kfOg] To;tfsf s'jfsf] cfjZoQmfg} kb}{GYof] eg] Tof] s'jfsf] gfdf] lg;fg g} 5}g
To; 7fpFdf . t/ bf]h]{ln+u], l;sLd] h:tf k8Gt]x?n] g} 9f]uL lbG5g\ / a'l4sf]
lbjflnofkgsf] kl/ro lbG5g\ eg] c? ck8 / c? e]usfx?df ;f]Rg] vf]Hg] 5dtf slt 5 /
< o;sf/0f efg' eQmnfO{ slj eGg' ltgsf] hGd lbj; dgfP/ k"mndfnf r8fO
9f]u ug{' / gePsf] s'/fsf] 7"N7"nf efif0f 5f+6g' eg]sf] hfGg]sf]
clU3nlt/ s'/L========= s'/L========= elg dfUg' / ghfGg]sf] clU3nlt/ ukmf8L x'g'
dfq xf] . gk9]sfx? t gk8]sf g} eP t/ k8Gt]x? a'l4lhjL xf]Ogg\ . ltgLx?n] klg
æafx'g 5]qL g]kfnL eGg] u5{g\Æ . of] ltgLx?sf] lbdfuL lbjfnLofkg xf] . g]kfndf
afx'g 5]qL o;sf/0f g]kfnL x'g ls ltgLx?sf] a;f]af;f] g]kfndf 5 / g]kfnsf]
gful/Qmf 5 . ha afx'g 5]qL g]kfn k:g cl3 a:g kfPsf] ynf] ef/tg} kms]{ kl5 /
To+xLsf] gfu/Ls eP kl5 s;/L g]kfnL < c+ c? g]kfnsf d"naf;L d+uf]nx?
rflx+ g]kfnL x'g lsg eg] ltgLx?sf] d"n ynf] g]kfn xf] . o;sf/0f g]kfnsf
d"naf;L d+uf]nx? ca gfu ;d'bfo / gfu /fhfx?nfO{ lsg ;k{;+u t'Ngful/of] /
kmgfjfnf ;k{ (Cobra) nfO{ lsg dxTj lbg] u5{g\ /
afx'gx?n] gfusf] k'hfsf] yfngL lsg u/] < kmgfjfnf ;k{ (Cobra) o;e]udf kfO{g] ;k{x?df
;a}eGbf ljvfn' dflgg] u5{ . /fhfx? Psf{sf eGbf zlQmzfnL alggsf] lglDt
Psf{sfnfO{ s;/L l;Wofpg] w'gdf /xGy] . sltko gfu sGofx?nfO{ To;df klg ;'Gb/L
sGofx?nfO{ slnn} pd]/ b]lvg} ljleGg k|sf/sf] ljv v'jfpg] / To;nfO{ krfpg] cEof;
u/fOGYof], nt a;fOGYof] . pd]/ klg l5lk+b} hfGYof] ?k klg kmqm]{/ cfslif{sf
aGb} hfGyLÙ ljif krfpg ;Sg] 5dtf klg a8\b} hfGYof] / kmgfjfnf ;k{ (Cobra) nfO{ lha|f]df 7'+ufpg] uyL{ . ha
kmgfafnf ;k{sf] ljif klg krfpg ;Sg] ;fdy{sL x'GyL To;tfsf Ps k|sf/n] p;sf] z/L/
g} ljvfn' ag]sf] x'GYof] / csf]{ /fHosf /fhf, /fhs'df/x?nfO{ km+;fpg] /
l;Wofpg] sfddf u'Kt?kdf k|of]u ul/GYof] . o;/L zlQmzfnL ag]sf oL gfu
/fhfx?nfO{ ljvfn' kmgfjfnf ;k{;+u t'Ngf u/]/ lt /fhfx?sf] k|lts / k|ltljDa :j?k
ef/t leqL;s]sf t/ cfˆgf] hu alnof] agfO g;s]sf cfo{x?n] /fhfx?nfO{ v'zL kf/]/
cfˆgf] hu alnof] agfO ;a}txdf cfˆgf] :jy{ k'/f ug{sf] lglDt gfusf] k'hf ug]{ /
k|rf/ k|;f/df 3/ 3/ k'¥ofpgsf] lglDt Jofks?kdf ;+ul7t eof] / jf:tljQmf lj;f{pb}
nluof] . d"n?knfO{ ljs[ltdf kl/0ft ub}{ nu] kl5 sfnGt/df cfP/ cfh klg of]
?kdf k'hf ul/G5Ù j/bfg dfluG5 . j/bfg dfq dflu+b}g bfg j6'Ng], kl/jf/ kfNg]
Joj;fo klg ePsf afx'gx?sf] sfd g} dflu vfg], 7lu vfg] ePsf] 5 . ;+:sf/sf] nt
a:b}uof] . 7"nf] cf]8f/ b]Vof] ls k'hfsf] yfNgL u/]s} 5Ù lrNnf] 9'+uf
b]Vof] w'kkftL u/]/ 78fO lbof] bfg yfk]s} 5 . lkknsf] af]6 e]6of] rGbg, l;Gb'/
nufO lbof] dfUg] uf]/v wGbfdf dn hn xfn] s} 5 . st} æcf]=====d a[Iffogd====Æ
eGof]==== st} æcf]=======dÆ lzjfof gd eGof] dfUg] wGbf 5+b}5 . o;/L dfluvfg]
duGt]x? km]l/ 7"nf] eg]/ cfkm} k'ms{g] cfkm} d+kfO aGg] < d'v{, b'i6,
7ux? e'mS5g\ dlGb/df lsg eg] p;sf] d'v{tf, 7ufO{, b'i6tfn] p;sf] dg kf]ln/x]sf]
x'G5, p;n] d[To' kl5 gs{df hflsg] 8/ af]ls/x]sf] x'G5 . ljåfgx? /fd|f /fd|f
k':tsdf e'mls/x]sf x'G5g\ . t/ lge{o dfG5] sf]xL / s]xL ;+u ge'msL dl:tisdf
/fd|f /fd|f ljrf/sf] ;[hgf u/L d'6' b/f] u/]/ lxl8/x]sf x'G5g\ . d+uf]n g]zgn
cu{gfOh]zgsf] d+uf]nafb ztfAbL cf}+ ztfAbL g]kfnsf clxGb' d"naf;LnfO{ wd{sf] gfddf,
;+:sf/sf] gfddf ljj]s z'Go agfP/ 7Ub} cfpg]x?sf] dgdf sf+8f aGg] / ztfAbL cf}+
ztfAbL cfˆg} d'n'sdf 7lu+b} n'l6+b} e'l6+b} cfˆg} d'n'sdf lxhf]sf z/0ffyL{x?n]
cfhcfkm}nfO{ z/0ffyL{ jgfO;s]sf]df r]tgf eg{Ù efjL lk8Lsf] ;'/lIft eljiosf]
lglDt ljp+emfpgsf] lglDt hGd]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] / ef/tsf] /fhlgtL n8fO+ eg]sf]
aflx/af6 leq]sf cfhsf] lxGb' cfo{ / o;} d'n'ssf clxGb' d"naf;L
d+uf]ndfemsf] n8fO+ ePsf] ;To tYo lnlvt / clnlvt Oltxf; lgle{Qmf ;fy lkm+hfP/
cfufdL lk8LnfO{ bf;tfaf6 d'lQm u/fpgsf] lglDt ;'/IfLt eljiosf] lglDt cfˆgf]
wd{, efiffsf] hu]gf{sf] lglDt ljz]if u/]/ /fhg}lts r]tgf el/lbgsf] lglDt
hGd]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfh dfp ljgfsf] lrªgf h:tf]] agfOPsf] 5Ù h'g lrªgfnfO{
sltj]nf sxf+af6 jfhn] 6ksfp+5 ls lrnn] sfun] n}hfG5 ls ?lkn] wdsfpF5 kt} x'Fb}g
. To;df ædfpsf] e"ldsf lgjf{xf ug{;sf];Æ eg]/ hGd]sf] xf] hgjf/L !,
!(*( df eb|uf]n h]nleq . o;sf] 3f]if0ff kq / em08f klg ;+u;+u} hGDof] Pp6}
ynf]df .
d+uf]nafb / d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg
s]jn o;df ;dlk{t clxGb" d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] lglDt dfq geP/ hDd} kf6L{,
k]zf ;+u ;DalGwt d"naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] klg xf] / :jb]zdf v'§f 6]Sg] /
hLjgf]kfh{gsf] ;a} af6fx? ;fdGtL r';fxf / n'6fxf k|yfn] 9'+ufnfO{ b"b /
dfG5]nfO{ d't v'jfpg l;sfpg] ;+:sf/n] lyr]/ ljb]zdf nv]l6g afWof agfOPsf
d"naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] lglDt klg ePsf]n] o;sf] pGglt, k|utLsf] x/]s 7fpFdf
pe]sfx?n] tg, dg, wg, hgn] ;3fpg / o;nfO{ ;femf ;d:of ;+lemlbg d+uf]nafbsf
hGdbftf cg'/f]w u5{ . efjL lk8LnfO{ a]bgf d'Qm agfpg' k5{ . ljZjsf c?
d'n'ssf] d'naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] Tof] k|ult t/ g]kfn / ef/tsf d"naf;L
d+uf]nsf] of] cwf]utLsf] /x:odo sf/0f s] < h;sf] xftdf /fhg}lts zlQm 5,
p;sf] cfly{s l:ytL klg ;'lb|8 aGb} hfG5 . /fhg}lts zlQmn] ;a} 5]qdf
d"ne"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . o;} sf/0f /fhg}lts r]tgzLn ag–p7–h'6–a8 .
of] xf] d+uf]nafbsf] lhpFbf] cfjfh . /fv'df 8f]sf] / 5fof ;Ddn] æ5f]OG5Ù d'lvofn]
dfl/xfN5g\ lgÆ eGg] 5'jf5't / dnfO{ !(%@ df Onfdsf] sf]na'ªdf d u'?ª df:6/ / d]/} bf}t]/L
afx'g clwsf/L df:6/nfO{ ;+u} a;]/ vfg glbg'df d klg ToxfF c5't g} b]lvP+ s'g}
leGgtf b]lvg+ . æt/ of] ;dfh tx txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] /x]5 / xfdLnfO{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s,
;fdflhs cl:tTjdf x/]s b[li6 sf]0fn] ztfAbL cf}+ ztfAbLb]lv lyRb} ldRb} /fv]/
ztfJbLcf}+ ztfAbL ;Dd 6fpsf] p7fpg} glbg] x/ 5]qdf c5't agfpg] k/Dk/fsf]
9fFrfdf 9flnPsf] /x]5Æ eGg] /x:odo tYo hlt hlt d}n] a'emb} uP+ Tolt Tolt
d}n] lj/f]w / ljb|f]x ub}{ uP+ . hlt hlt d}n] la/f]w / ljb|f]x ub}{ uP+ Tolt
Tolt g} d ;+s6df em]lnb} klg uP+ / x/]s kfOnfdf sf+8f 6]Sb} cl3 a8\g' kg]{
b]v]+ . xfd|f] lgbf]{if / cgle1 ljzfn ;d'bfo dfly d'7L e/sf] cGofo cTofrf/ b]v]
kl5 ;xg} g;Sg] k|j[ltsf] d dfG5] cfkm} dfly cGofo, j]lerf/ eP kl5 emg s;/L ;xg
;Sy]+ xf]nf / < afns sfndf Ps kN6
3/}df s]z sfl6lbg xhfd cfP kl5 d}n] 6fpsf] e/sf] s]z v'OnfO{ lbP+ . kl5 afh]
cfO k'u] xhfdn] cfb]zsf] kfng u/] ls u/]g hfFRg . d}n] 6'kL
/fVg' kg]{ /x]5 /flvg . afh] ;fFr} l/;fPsf x'g jf dnfO{ t;f{pg] b]vfj6L /L; xf]
Tof] t d}n] s]nfpg ;+lsg+ . t/ æhft eg] lxGb' 6'kL ldGb'Æ eGb} d dfly nl¶ p7fPÙ
d efu]+ . cfh a'embf d}n] h] u/]+ Tof] l7s} u/]sf] /x]5' . xfd|f] ufpF 3/df
s;}n] lx6n/sf] h'+uf h:t} t s;}n] d';fsf] k'R5/ h:t} 6'kL
/fv]sf] b]Vy]+ . t/ dnfO{ eg] k6s} dg gkg]{ . d cGofo cTofrf/sf]
lj/f]wdf af]lnlbg] n]lvlbg] x'gfn] dnfO{ s;}n] dg gk/fpg] . o;} k|s[ltsf] sf/0f
3'DtL sdfgsf] Sns{af6 ^ dxLgfdf g} x6fOlbof] . To; clkm;df d ;a} eGbf a];L
k8]sf] t/ ;a} eGbf sDtL tna kfpg]df lyP+ . sDkgL dflnsnfO{ d'4fxfn]+Ù dnfO{
ædfkm dfuÆ eGof] d}n] dfkm dflug . d]/f cfdf afa'n] klg dfkm dfUg lbPgg\ . d
cGofo ug]{df lyOg+ cGofodf kg]{df lyP+ . cGofo / cTofrf/sf] lj?4 af]n]sf] /
n]v]s} sf/0f dnfO{ sDo'lgi6 eGg] ubf]{ /x]5 ha ls dnfO{ sDo'lgi6 s] xf] yfxf g}
lyPg . d]/} sf/0fn] afa'nfO{ ;/sf/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fOof] . sDo'lgi6sf] cf/f]k /
s+u|];Lx?sf] u'Kt l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df . a'af uf]vf{nLu 5f8] kl5 gf]s/Ldf nfUg'
efYof] k"j{ ;}lgsn] kfpg] lkm6/ sfddf . a'afnfO{ sDo'lgi6sf] cf/f]k nfu]
kl5 u'?ª df:6/ / d]/}
bf}t]/L afx'g clwsf/L df:6/nfO{ ;+u} a;]/ vfg glbg'df d klg ToxfF c5't g}
b]lvP+ s'g} leGgtf b]lvg+ . æt/ of] ;dfh tx txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] /x]5 / xfdLnfO{
/fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cl:tTjdf x/]s b[li6 sf]0fn] ztfAbL cf}+ ztfAbLb]lv
lyRb} ldRb} /fv]/ ztfJbLcf}+ ztfAbL ;Dd 6fpsf] p7fpg} glbg] x/ 5]qdf c5't
agfpg] k/Dk/fsf] 9fFrfdf 9flnPsf] /x]5Æ eGg] /x:odo tYo hlt hlt d}n]
a'emb} uP+ Tolt Tolt d}n] lj/f]w / ljb|f]x ub}{ uP+ . hlt hlt d}n] la/f]w /
ljb|f]x ub}{ uP+ Tolt Tolt g} d ;+s6df em]lnb} klg uP+ / x/]s kfOnfdf sf+8f
6]Sb} cl3 a8\g' kg]{ b]v]+ . xfd|f] lgbf]{if / cgle1 ljzfn ;d'bfo dfly d'7L
e/sf] cGofo cTofrf/ b]v] kl5 ;xg} g;Sg] k|j[ltsf] d dfG5] cfkm} dfly cGofo,
j]lerf/ eP kl5 emg s;/L ;xg ;Sy]+ xf]nf / < afns sfndf Ps kN6
3/}df s]z sfl6lbg xhfd cfP kl5 d}n] 6fpsf] e/sf] s]z v'OnfO{ lbP+ . kl5 afh]
cfO k'u] xhfdn] cfb]zsf] kfng u/] ls u/]g hfFRg . d}n] 6'kL
/fVg' kg]{ /x]5 /flvg . afh] ;fFr} l/;fPsf x'g jf dnfO{ t;f{pg] b]vfj6L /L; xf]
Tof] t d}n] s]nfpg ;+lsg+ . t/ æhft eg] lxGb' 6'kL ldGb'Æ eGb} d dfly nl¶ p7fPÙ
d efu]+ . cfh a'embf d}n] h] u/]+ Tof] l7s} u/]sf] /x]5' . xfd|f] ufpF 3/df
s;}n] lx6n/sf] h'+uf h:t} t s;}n] d';fsf] k'R5/ h:t} 6'kL
/fv]sf] b]Vy]+ . t/ dnfO{ eg] k6s} dg gkg]{ . d cGofo cTofrf/sf]
lj/f]wdf af]lnlbg] n]lvlbg] x'gfn] dnfO{ s;}n] dg gk/fpg] . o;} k|s[ltsf] sf/0f
3'DtL sdfgsf] Sns{af6 ^ dxLgfdf g} x6fOlbof] . To; clkm;df d ;a} eGbf a];L
k8]sf] t/ ;a} eGbf sDtL tna kfpg]df lyP+ . sDkgL dflnsnfO{ d'4fxfn]+Ù dnfO{
ædfkm dfuÆ eGof] d}n] dfkm dflug . d]/f cfdf afa'n] klg dfkm dfUg lbPgg\ . d
cGofo ug]{df lyOg+ cGofodf kg]{df lyP+ . cGofo / cTofrf/sf] lj?4 af]n]sf] /
n]v]s} sf/0f dnfO{ sDo'lgi6 eGg] ubf]{ /x]5 ha ls dnfO{ sDo'lgi6 s] xf] yfxf g}
lyPg . d]/} sf/0fn] afa'nfO{ ;/sf/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fOof] . sDo'lgi6sf] cf/f]k /
s+u|];Lx?sf] u'Kt l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df . a'af uf]vf{nLu 5f8] kl5 gf]s/Ldf nfUg'
efYof] k"j{ ;}lgsn] kfpg] lkm6/ sfddf . a'afnfO{ sDo'lgi6sf] cf/f]k nfu]
kl5 tTsfn} gf]s/L t 5fl8lbg' ef] t/ To;} tfsfb]lv kSsf dfskf klg algg' ef] w]/}
b'v si6 em]Ng' ef] h;sf] c;/ 3/kl/jf/df g/fd|f] ;+u
k¥of] . a'afsf] uf+;af;sf] 6'+uf] lyPg, slxn] cf]8f/df af;, slxn] kf]y|fdf t
slxn] ufO uf]7 / ?vsf] xfFufdf . Ps /ft dhb"/ o'lgogsf] ldl6ªaf6 3/ kms{bf
cWof/ftdf sdfg dflnssf u'08fx?n] 9+'ufn] 6fps} k'm6fO lbP5 . To; tfsf d g]kfndf
lyP+Ù ;dfrf/ kqdf k8] kl5 dfq yfxf kfP+ . afa' lhNnfdf g} sxlnPsf sDo'lgi6
g]tf lyP . k"j{ ;}lgssf lhNnf
:t/Lo l8/]S6/ klg . d leqsf] ddf cGofo cTofrf/ lj?4 n8\g] / j8\g] efjgfsf] hlt
hlt ljsfz x'Fb} uof] Tolt Tolt g} zfdGtL zf]ifs / cTofrf/Lx?sf] zq' aGb} uP5' .
oxfF t cGofo cTofrf/ ug]{x?sf] hdft g} ljzfn / zlQmzfnL /x]5 . To;}sf] kmn:j?k
d w]/} 7fpFdf l6lsg . s;}n] Gofo klg lbPg . eb|k'/sf] ldn dflnsx?sf] dr]{06
Pzf]l;Pzgaf6 ^ dxLgf Ps lbg kl5 lgsflnP+ ha ls d ^ dxLgfdf g} :yfoL eO;s]sf]
lyP+ . sf/0f lyof] d clkm; ;]qm]6«L lyP+Ù d]/f] sfd ubLdf uP/ k};f a6'Ng] lyPg
. d}n] Tof] u4L wfpg] x's'd dflgg . uf}/Lu+h emfkfsf] :s"naf6 klg v]lbg]df
k/]+Ù sf/0f lyof] d}n] sfo{sfl/ ;ldltsf xnjfOx?nfO{ gdisf/ ul/g+ . d}n] d]/f]
>d a]r]sf] lyP+, OdfGbf/L ;fy >d lbP+ . gdisf/ lsg lbg] < ef}tfl/b}
w/fg l8kf] xfO :s"ndf k'u]sf] lyP+ . Ps aif{ k'Ubf gk'Ubf ToxfFaf6 klg $*
306] gf]l6;df x6fOP+ . sf/0f lyof], l8kf] leq ePsf] k;nsf] dfn aflx/L
Jofkf/LnfO{ a]lrGYof] Tof] ;dfrf/ kqdf 5flklbP+ . csf]{ rsf]{ ;dfrf/ lyof] Pp6f
;fgf] s]6f] kmf]xf]/ kfgLdf 8'a]/ d/of] . Ps ldg6df k'Ug] 7fpFdf kmfo/ la|u]8
k'Uof] $% ldg6 kl5 dfq . $* 306] gf]l6; kfPsf] ePtf klg a[l6zsf] x's'dnfO{
r'gf}tL lbP/ Ps dxLgf ;Dd SofDk 5fl8g+ . To; kl5 km]l/ ?vaf6 v;]sf] nfjl/;] kft
h:t} ag]+ . sf]zL d]rLsf] ufpF, 3/, t/fO{, a];L cWofog ug{ lg:s]+ . lj/f6gu/af6
lx+8]sf] d dfG5] emfkf, Onfd, kf+ry/, tfKn]h'ª, t]x|y'd, r}gk'/, wgs'6f x'Fb}
km]/L lj/f6gu/ cfOk'Ug nfUof] rf/ dxLgf hlt . s]xL dxLgf /fi6«Lo ;+afb ;ldtLsf]
klxnf] sf]zL c+rn k|ltlgwL eP/ klg sfd ul/of] . of] lyof] !(^#–^$ tfsfsf] s'/f
. To; kl5 flx+ æp8fof]
atf;}n]Æ eg] h:tf] kl/l:ytLn] p8fP/ /fhwfgL vfN6f]df cfOk'u+] . kl5 d}n] hlt
hlt a'emb} uP+ g]kfnsf] lj/fdLsf] h8 rflx+ oxfFsf] /fh;+:yf / lxGb'afbL
;+:sf/ /x]5 . dnfO{ /fhf dx]Gb| ;+u ;aeGbf a];L l/; p7]sf] / /fhf k|ltsf] d]/f]
ljZjfif afkm ag]/ To; j]nf p8of] ha g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6« eg]/ 3f]if0ff ul/of]
/ xfdL clxGb' d"naf;LnfO{ z/0ffyL{ agfOof] . d /fhfsf] s§/ la/f]wL /
lab|f]xL ag]+ . ;]K6]Da/ !(&( sf] ( / !) df ePsf] d+uf]n clwj]zgb]lv d}n]
d+uf]nsf] cfjfh p7fP+Ù ljp /f]lklbP+ . g]kfnsf] s'g} klg kq klqsfn] gn]v] klg
ef/tsf] 6fOD; ckm Ol08ofn] ;dfrf/ 5fKof] b'O lbg . !(*) b]lv d /fht+qsf]
lj/f]wdf v'n]/ nfu] / wd{ lg/k]Ifsf] / k|fGtLo k|zf;gsf] kIfdf v'n]/ nfu]+ krf{
/ n]vx? n]Vgyfn]+, efif0f ug]{ qmddf h'6+] . ef/tsf] ljleGg e]udf k'u]/ /
aflx/L d'n's k'Ubf klg of] hfgsf/L lbg] sfd ug{ yfn]+ . dnfO{ yfxf lyof] / yfxf
5 of] w]/} sl7g / ;+s6k"0f{ sfd xf] eg]/ . clkt' d}n] hLjg e/sf] p2]Zo
agfP/ Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ cl3 a8\g'df s'g} s;/ /fv]sf] 5'Og+ . of] d+uf]n afbsf]
cfjfh Psbd} gf}nf] xf] g]kfndf . d]/f] 5flQ leq pDn]sf] d]/f] d'6'sf] w'Sw'sLÙ
d'lQmsf] n8fO{+Ù bf;tfaf6 d'lQm x'g] ;+3if{ xf] . of] nf]st+qÙ u0ft+q, wd{
lg/k]If / k|fGtLo k|zf;gsf] n8fO{ . g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;+rf/ dfWoodsf] ;fwg ;a}g}
afx'g 5]qLsf] xftdf hsl8Psf]n] d]/f] n]v ;dfrf/ lb+b}gg\ of] klg dnfO{ yfxf5 .
t/ klg d lxDdt ;fy gxRsL al8/x]sf] 5' . d]/f] k|sflzt krf{sf] cfwf/df ;dsfnLg
;fKtfxLsn] æuf]kfn u'?ªsf] krf{ / /fi6«kltsf] ;kgfÆ lzif{sdf k|sflzt u/]sf]
lyof] km]a|\'j/L @(, !((^ df æ/fhf cfhLjg
/fi6«klt eP/ al;lbpg eGg]Æ n]v gofF sfdgf ljtf{ emfkfaf6 hgj/L #!, !(($ df
k|sflzt lyof] . æ/fhf x6] kl5 dfq /fhlgtL hgtfsf] xftdf cfpF5Æ lzif{sdf d]/f]
cGt/jftf{ lj/f6gu/ dGyg ;fKtfxLsn] l8;Da/ &, !((@ df 5fk]sf] lyof] . æxfdL
/fj0fnfO{ >4f u5f}{Æ lzif{ssf] cGt/jftf{ g]kfnL kqdf gf]e]Da/ !, !((! df
k|sflzt lyof] . æd+uf]nx? /fi6« ljxLg e}m+ 5gÆ cGt/jftf{ o'uWjgL ;fKtfxLsdf
hgj/L !), !((! df k|sflzt 5 . æhghftL kf6L{ bjf{/af6 ;+rflnt ePsf] b]lvG5,Æ
cGt/jftf{ km]a'|j/L %, !((! df ultljwL ;fKtfxLsdf k|sflzt lyof] . ælxGb'sf /fhf
dfGb}gf}+Æ gf]e]Dj/ @%, !((* df k|sflzt . o;/L Pp6f 7"nf] zlQm ;+u @^ cf}+
aif{b]lv nuftf/ n8bf zq'tf t 7"n} ?kdf sdfOof] g} . lsGt' h'g ;dfhsf]
lglDt nuftf/ n8\b} cfPsf] 5' Tof] ;dfhn] a'em\g' kg]{ rf;f] b]vfpg rfxFb}g . lsg
ls o;af6 ;+s6 lgDtfpg' jfx]s tfTsflng cfly{s nfe kfpFb}gg\, b]Vt}gg\ . d}n]
n8]sf] n8fO+ ef]u]sf] b'v si6 cl:tTjsf] lglDt xf] . wg bf}nt w]/} 7"nf] /
cfjZoQmfsf] lglDt geO gx'g] a:t' xf] t/ ;a yf]s xf]Og . /fhfsf] s's'/ klg t
bjf{/df a:5Ù xfd|f w]/} j6f 3/df vfg g;Sg] vfgf vfG5 . t/ Tof] z'b| xf] To;sf]
cl:tTj s's'/ xf] . xfd|f] ;dfhdf z'b| -s's'/_ / clt z'b| s's'/ eGbf tNnf]
>]0fLsf afx'gsf] k}tfnf eP/ afFr]sf hghftLx?sf] cl:tTj klg To:t} xf]Ù hf]
dfj{n s} 3/df a;] klg /fhfsf] bjf{/df a;]sf] s's'/ h:tf] xf] . o:t} s'/f n]Vtf
af]Nbf / o;}sf] kl5 bu'/]sf]n] g} cfh d Psnf] 5'Ù lans'n Psnf] / ;a}sf] lj/fgf]
. lsg ls d]/f] of] cfbz{sf] n8fO+ / egfOn] æ3/sf] b}lgs ;d:of xn x'Fb}g, r'Nxf]
;lNsb}g .Æ Tof] klg yfxf 5 dnfO{ . w]/} h;f]sf] ;'dw'/ sNkgfÙ rfxgf xf] cfˆgf]
afn aRrfnfO{ /fd|f] 7fpFdf ;'lsnf] 7fpFdf /fd|f] ;+u k8fpg kfpg]Ù /fd|f] 3/df
/fd|f] uf8L hf]8]/ 3/ dfly 3/, wg dfly wg, uf8L dfly uf8L yKb} hfg] nvkltaf6
s/f]8 klt, s/f]8kltaf6 c/a klt aGb} hfg] ;kgf, rfxgf, k|of; x'G5 . of] :jfefljs
klg xf] lsg ls p;n] ToxL b]v]sf] ;'g]sf], hfg]sf], l;s]sf] x'G5 . ToxL ;+:sf/ /
jftfj/0fdf x's]{sf] x'G5 . ltgLx?nfO{ cl:tTj s] xf] yfxf x'Fb}g / hfGg] OR5f
klg /fVt}gg\ . ltgLx? bf;tfdf cEo:t x'G5g\ . ltgLx?df x]g]{ ljj]ssf] cfFvf
x'Fb}g . To;} sf/0f d]/f] s'/fnfO{ l9lDsg' g} glbg] x'G5g\ / dnfO{ d"v{
dfq xf]Og k6 d"v{ g} ;+emG5g\ . d]/f] t hLjgsf] hjfgL g} o;}df ljTof]Ù
sltko rfxgfx?nfO{ bjfOlbg' k¥of] / j[b cj:yfdf k|j]z u/]sf] yfxf g} kfOg+ . ca
nfU5 xfd|f] efjL lk8Lsf] ;'/lIft eljioÙ xfd|f] efjL lk8Lsf] cl:tTjsf] af6f]
v'n]sf] bf;tfsf] ztfJbLcf}+ k'/fgf] h+lh/ tf]l8Psf] xg]{ lbg glhlsb}5 . Tof]
;kmn ePsf] x]g{ ;s'+ lsg ls
d/] kl5 ækm]l/ kms]{/ x]?+nfÆ eGg] lbg cfpFb}g . slxn] sfxL n]Vtf n]Vt}
s'/fsf] lznlznf stf stf a/flng klg k'U5 xf]Og / < d}n] dfly klg n]v]sf] 5'
g]kfnsf] d+uf]n ;d'bfo dWo]df u'?ª eGbf du/ cl3 j8\g ;sYof] t/ ltgLx?sf]
g]t[Tjn] 8'jfP ltgLx?nfO{ . du/ Pstfsf] gfddf l;ldt lghL / t'R5 :jy{df clNemP/
af6f] lj/fP . o;f] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] lyof] eg] Ps t ltgLx?df jf:tljQmf
a'e\mg ;Sg] 5dtfsf] sdL csf]{ Hofb} :jfyL{ nfnrL TofuxLg / bjf{/ d'vL . u'?ª
-td'_ x?df t td' efjgfsf] ljzfntf g} df]? . u'?ª eg]sf] ;'g] kl5 klxnf p;n]
hfGg] sf]lzif u5{ rf/ ls ;f]n . rf/n] rf/ g} km]nf kf/] cyjf ;f]n n]
;f]n g} km]nf kf/] ghlblsG5 . To; kl5 s'g lhNnf jf ufpFsf] s'/f] cfpF5 To;n]
glhSofpF5 jf cnUofpF5 . km]l/ cfpF5 efiff hfGg] ls ghfGg] < k'j]{nL ls
klZrd]nL < efiff ghfGg]nfO{ u'?ªg} uGb}gg\ . km]l/ kb / k};fsf] s'/f cfpF5 /
To; dfly lb|i6L uf8\5 . d}n] td'x?sf] Tof] sn'l;t, sn+lst larf/ / ;+sL0f{tfsf]
kvf{n eTsfP/ Pp6} d}bfgdf pEofpg] sf]lzif u/]+ klr; tL; aif{ . d}n] d]/f]
emf]5]sf] 8]/fdf sn]hsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ e]nf u/L td' BL+ klg vf]lnlbP+ !&
;]K6]Da/ !(&^ df . ætd' 5f]emÆ rflx+ a'6jndf !(*$ df :yflkt eof] h;sf]
d"n ;lrj lyP+ d . d}n] k+rsfndf g} kf]v/]nLx?nfO{ e]6u/L td'wLsf] s]Gb|Lo
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rf;f] b]vfpg] sfd u/]g . kl5 ax'bn kmls{P kl5 km]l/ kf]v/fdf tLg lbg] clwj]zgdf
ætd' wL+Æ h;sf] hGdbftf g} d xf] / td' 5f]em h;sf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} d"n;lrj
d . kf]v/fsf] clwj]zgdf b'j}nfO{ ufe]/ ætd' 5f]em wLÆ ag]kl5 /fi6«Lo /
cGt/fi6«Lo 5]qdf g} of] gfd k|rlnt 5 . t/ s'g} klg sfo{qmddf u'?ªx?n] dnfO{
;+emg] ;Dd cfjZoQmf 7fGb}gg\ . g]kfndf td' n]Vg yfNg] / Go"nfO6åf/f Jofks
k|rf/ ug]{ sfdsf] yfngL g} !(&) tfsfb]lv d}n] u/]sf] xf] . k+rfot sfndf
a'6an rf]sb]lv cln jf]/f] hxfF xfn u'?ªx?sf] u'Djf jg]sf] 5 . Tof] u'Dafsf]
;'?dfg} To;tfsfsf] gu/k+rfotn] a'n8f]h/ nufP/ eTsfpg] sfd u/of] . d}n] To;sf]
lj/f]wdf ToxfF uP/ efif0f u/+]Ù d]/f] Go"nfO6df ;dfrf/ 5fk]+ . Tof] u'Daf
km]l/ jGof] . u'Daf t aGof] t/ u'Daf 5]j}df afx'g 5]qLn] /ftL uP/ sf6df/ ug]{
df}nf] ufl8lbP . ha ax'bn kmSof]{ ta h'g u'?ª ;d'bfon] x/]s sfo{qmddf aif]{gL
af]nfpg] uy]{ ltgLx? sf]xL s+u|];df uPÙ sf]xL sDo'lgi6df t sf]xL d08n] kf6L{df
kms]{ t s]xL hgd'QmL kf6L{df . d]/f] PdPgcf]df t xft nfUof] z'Go . t/
u'?ªx?nfO{ k+rfotsfndf ;+s6 kbf{ g s'g} s+u|];n] af]n] g t s'g} sDo'lgi6 /
d08n]x?n] . u'?ªx?sf] o; k|sf/sf] s[tWgtf b]v] kl5 !((% tfsf d}n] cfd ;efdf g}
elglbP+ . ætkfO{ s[tWg u'?ªx?n] cab]lv dnfO{ glgDtfpg' xf]nf lgDtfpg' eP klg d
pkl:yt x'Flbg .Æ To:t} eof] kf]v/fsf] ldg axfb'/ u'?ªåf/f lgld{t zfGtL :t'k /
Onfd dfjf]df u'?ªx?åf/f lgld{t u'Daf h;nfO{ ;]gf, k|x/L / k|zf;gn] etsfO lbg]
sfd eof] . s'g} kf6L{sf sf]xL af]n]gg\, s;}n] n]v]gg\ . t/ d}n] cfˆgf]
5dtfg';f/ Go"nfO6df n]v]/ lj/f]w u/]+ . ltg} u'?ªx? cfh d+uf]n g]zgn
cu{gfOh]zgnfO{ ufnL ug]{ / ;fdk|bflos eGg]df cluNnf] k+lQmdf 5g\ eg] u'?ªx?sf]
ljj]s zlQm slt kl5 < eGg] ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxfsf]
;]gfdf Ps xn eO zfxf ;fd|fHo a8fO lbg] oL u'?ª du/x?sf] d'6' klg plxNo}
vfOlbP5g\ zfxfx?n] . gq c?sf] lglDt Tolt n8\g] le8\g]x? cfh lsg olt sft/ /
cb"/bzL{ < lsg ;fdk|bflos elg lbg ;fy n'Un'u sfK5g\ < u'?ª du/df
7"nf] ef+hf] xfNg] sf] < klxnf] t ef]h/fh afx'g xf] . h;n] ;g !^$* lt/
Ps k[i7sf] a+zfjfnL / uf]qf] n]vL ndh'ª lt/ af+l8lbP . To; kl5 csf]{ afx'g l;v/
gfy ;'j]bLn] ;g !(!! df o:t} b'i6tfk"0f{ sfd bf]xf]/ofof] y/, uf]qf],
k|jfnL n]v]/ . d+uf]nx?sf] uf]qf] x'Fb}g s'n x'G5 . o;/L u'?ªx?nfO{ nuftf/
6'qmfpg] / k'm6fpg] b'i6tfk"0f{ e"ldsf afx'gx? / kl5 !(%^ tfsf g/x/L
gfy of]uLn] u/] . Tolt dfq xf]Og e/t zd;]/n] km]ls lbPsf] x8\l8sf] nf]edf
km+;]/ a'6jn hf]uL s'6Lsf] z]/ axfb'/ u'?ªn] !(%^ df To;} u/]Ù h'g h'emfpg]
km'6fpg] / df:g] e"ldsf afx'gx?n] / sfg lr?jf hf]uLn] u/] . z]/ axfb"/
u'?ªn] a+zfanL n]v]/ u'?ªx? lxGb' ePsf] 7f]s'jf ul/lbP . of] eGbf d'v{tf s] x'g
;S5 < z]/ axfb'/ h:t} ;fdflhs b'i6x? cfh afx'gsf] k}tfnf blnt hghftL agfpg]
/ egfpg] sfddf h'6]/ d"naf;Lsf] gfddf cfPsf] /sd u'6d'6fpg] sfddf nfu]sf 5g\Ù
k8Gt] ;d'xsf] Ps hTyf . t/ a'l4 / ljj]sxf/fx? . z]/ axfb'/ u'?ªnfO{ t s'naL/
u'?ª / k"0f{ axfb'/ u'?ªn] d'4fxfnL x/fP, b08 klg
u/fP . To:tf cultnf] sfd u/] jfkt !(%* tfsf u'?ª sNof0f ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:oaf6
;d]t lg:sf;g ul/lbof] . o:t}, o:t} clt b'i6tf k"0f{ sfd u/]/ afx'g 5]qLn]
km]sL lbPsf] x8\l8 r':g]df k5{g\Ù e'sf b]p/fnL kj{tsf] eb|jL/ u'?ª h;n] !(^@
lt/ $ / !^ sf] hl6n k|Zg k|lt k':ts n]v]/ af+8g] / ef8\g] sfd u/]sf lyP .
!(&* lt/ hudfg u'?ªnfO{ ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbsf] ;b:o agfO u'?ªx?nfO{ cfo{
agfpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . To;df klg vfF6L afx'g . ca ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbsf] ;b:odf
kf]v/fsf nIf axfb"/ u'?ªnfO{ dgf]lgt u/]sf 5g\ . nIf axfb'/ u'?ª h;n]
/f+8L agfOPsL u'?ª ;]gL o'jtLnfO{ ;]tf] klx/g nufO l;Gb'/ k'5g / r'/f k'm6fpg
nufO kf/;sf] ;'/Iff u/]sf] lyof] .
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k;]sf afx'gnfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ ltgLx?s} kl5 nfUg] rng ;+:sf/ g} eO;s]sf] 5 . lxGb'
agfOP/ g]jf/ ;dfh leq g} g]jf/n] g]jf/sf] dfq afx'g 5]qLk|lt xf]Og, a'4 dfuL{x?
k|lt 3[0ff km}nfpg] nuftf/sf] of]hgf / k|of; kl5 oxfFsf a'4dfuL{ g]jf/x?n]
lxGb'/fhfsf] v'§f wf]P/ kfgL vfg] h:tf] 3[l0ft lxGb' ;+:sf/df 9fln ;lsPsf 5g\ .
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7"nf] g]jf/ hdftaf6 k|wfg d+qL x'g] 5dtfsf JolQm b]vf k/]sf 5}gg\ / logLx?
klg k8Gt] dfq 5g\ a'l4lhjL / cf+6L b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . o;} sf/0f klg xf]nf s+u|];sf
g]tfx?n] u0f]zdfg l;+xnfO{ sdf08/ t agfP / eg] klg t/ /fhlgtL1f eg]gg\ . u'?ªx?
h:t} æt+ eGbf d 7"nf] hft -hft hftL lxGb' ;dfhdf dfq elgG5_ d eGbf t+
;fgf] hft .Æ eGof] k/:k/ 3[0ff km}nfof] h'e\mof] afx'g 5]qLn] zlQmdf k'u] kl5
s] kmflnlbG5 To;}df emD6\of] a:of] . k[YjL gf/fo0fn] sf7df08" xfg]/ ul4df
a:of] ho b]j -hbf}_ u/] . /f0ffx? zlQmdf cfP u'0fufg g} ufP . km]l/ ljkL zlQmdf
k'u] xfO xfO g} u/] . km]/L dx]Gb| u4Ldf a;] hbf} ;'?eof] . km]/L ax'bn cfof]
pxL xfO xfO . lj/]Gb| / b/jf/ xTof sf08 kl5 1fg]Gb| cfP v'§f wf]P/ kfgL vfg]df
klg pxL g]jf/ . To;df klg a'l4i6 eGg]x? . of] eGbf 7"nf] a}rfl/s ck|ult s]
xf]nf < g]jf/x? xfdL k8] n]v]sf v'a} hfGg] eg]/ c? ;d'bfo dfly wfs hdfpg]
k'mlt{ t u5{g t/ zfxf, afx'g /f0ffx?sf] clU3n lt/ t pxL ;k{n] u?8 b]v] h:t}
x'G5 . ha ls logLx?df s] 5}g\ < wgan, hgan, k8Gt] hdft . lsGt' a'l4 an /
Tofu ;fx; df]? . g]jf/x? zxLb klg eP t/ c? s} lglDt dfq . g]kfnsf d"naf;L
d+uf]nx?sf] sxfnL nfUbf] cj:yf dfly wlndnL ePsf] / logLx? /fhg}lts an, a'l4an,
wgan, hgan ;a} 5]qdf k5f}6fOPsf x'gfn] klg d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] d+uf]nafb
cfjZotf ckl/xfo{ 5 . /fhg}lts Jofn]G; ldnfP/ xfd|f] efjL lk8Lsf] xs, clwsf/,
;'/lIft eljio, cl:tTjsf] dxTj / d"Nosf] lglDt . æhDa' lbk] e/t v08] e/t
v08] g]kfn b]z]Æ eg]/ /fi6« d+q agfpg] klg log} afx'g 5]qL– dg{ cl3 sfzL /
agf/; k'Ug' kg]{Ù dg{ k'Ug gEofP c:t' aufpg sfzL agf/; wfpg] klg log} afx'g
5]qL– c/fi6«Lo em08fnfO{ /fi6« em08f agfpg], lqe'jgnfO{ /fi6«lktf eg]/ zxLbsf]
lz/dfly lj/fhdfg u/fpg] log} afx'g 5]qL, kz'klt 3f6nfO{ cfo{3f6 agfpg] klg log}
afx'g 5]qLÙ æg]kfn ef/taif{ el/sf] Ps clt/d0fLo / ;a{ ;'vfafx k"0o e"ld
xf]Æ eg]/ n]Vg] clDjsf k|;fb pkfWofo PdPjLn,
P8ef]s]6 k6gf xfO sf]6{, d]Dj/ n]lh; n]l6d sfplG;n, laxf/ pl8;fåf/f lnlvt
g]kfnsf] Oltxf; h;sf] bf]>f] ;+:s/0f ;g\ !(@( df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . æof]
b]z h+unL, e';ltu|] kfv] -u'?ª du/, tfdfª, /fO{, lnDa'TofbL a[xb d+uf]n ;d'bfo_
vk{g] -g]jf/_ 9f]s]sf] b]z xf] g]kfn . eujg /flvb]p of] o;} u/LÙ oL ;Eo eP
xfd|f] l;/L v'/L sxfF hfnf < d+qL d08n hf]8bf afx'g, 5]qL lnP/ hf]8g' dtjfnL
sj} gx'Ng'Æ -/fdd0fL lbIfLt_ eg]/ n]Vg] klg log} afx'gx? x'g\ . d}n] b]Vtf b]Vt}
ufpFsf ;fwf/0f afx'g 5]qLx? sf7df08"df 7"N7"nf kb cf]u6\g] /
s/f]8f}+ sf] ejgx? 78ofpg] eP ltgLx?sf 5f]/f 5f]/L w]/} /fd|f :s"n sn]h /
ljb]zdf k8\g] eP ltgLx?sf] lglDt 7"N7"nf ck/fwx? e|i6rf/x? 5Dof eP
lsg ls ltgLx? s'g} g s'g} ?kdf bjf{/ / bjf{/ ;+u ;DaGwLtx? ;+u ;DjGwLt lyPÙ 5g\
. Ps hgf
lx/0onfn /]UdL sf7df08"sf] l;l8of] lyP . Ps hgf ef]l6of nf]k;fª nfdfnfO{
7"nf] /sd lnP/ gful/Qmf agfOlbP . zfob kl5 p;n] k};f lbg 5f8\of] lsg ls p
P Snf; 7]s]bf/ lyof] . km]l/ kl5 kqmfp u/L gful/Qmf vf]l;lbof] . k+rfot sfndf
g} gj/fh ;'j]bLn] tfOjfgL gfu/LsnfO{ g]kfnsf] gful/Qmf agfO lbP 7"nf] /sd
lnP/ . kl5 tfOjfgL gfu/Ls kqmfp k/of] h]n ;hfo eof] lsGt' ;'j]bLnfO{ s]xL ePg .
d !(&( tfsf k|]; kmfp08]zg ckm Pl;ofsf] clwj]zgdf efulng >Ln+sf uPsf]
lyP+ . TofxfF To;tfsfsf /fi6«klt ;+u klg e]63f6 eof] /fi6«klt ejgdf . pxfF
;+usf] kmf]6f] ;dfrf/ kqdf k|sflzt eof] . To; tfsf lbJob]j e§ ;+rf/ ;lrj lyof]
. p;n] Tof] yfxf kfP kl5 Pp6f kf+rtf/] xf]6ndf /f+lsP/ s/fof] æTof] ef]6]nfO{
s;n] k7fof] >Ln+sf <Æ d}n] s8f lj/f]w u/]/ n]Vg' k/of] . CifL s]z zfxfsf
afa' tf/fs axfb"/ ;lrj lyPÙ vu]Gb| h+u u'?ªsf] . Pstfsf ;+of]u j;
lgGb|fn] dft]5 vu]Gb| . lgbfP eG7fg]/ csf]{ ;lrjnfO{ eg]5g\ æ9f]s]x? ;f]kmfdf
a:g kfPsf] lgb|fn] e'mNof] .Æ dg df]xg l;+x eGg] JolQm Ps kN6 nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf cWoIf lyP . ;"o{ s'df/ ;'Aaf eGg] JolQm e]6g uP5 / leq vj/ k7fP5
. cWoIfn] /f+lsP/ eg]5g\ æTof] ef]6]sf] d'v} x]g{ dfªlbg .Æ o:tf cg]sg cTofrf/
/ b'Jojxf/ ;x]/ klg lklN;P/ dl/r e}m rfpl/P/ ;xg k/]sf] 5 x/ 5]qdf . o:tf
x]kfOaf6 efjL lk8LnfO{ jrfpgsf] lglDt klg cfjZos 5 d+uf]nafb .
hDa'lbk] ef/t v08]========n] of]
b]z ef/t leq k5{ eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ef/t aif{sf]======== o;n] klg o;} eG5
/ /fdd0fL lbIfLtsf] sljtfTds ;Nnfxfn] klg g]kfn e';ltu|], vk{g] cyf{t
d+uf]nx?sf] xf] . afx'g 5]qLsf] xf]Og eGg] :ki6 ls6fg u/]sf] 5 / xfdLnfO{
c+Wof/f]df g} /fVg' kg]{Ù clzlIft g} /fVg' kg]{Ù clzlIft / c+Wof/f]df /fVg'sf]
lglDt xfdL a;f]jf; ug]{ Onfsfdf af6f]sf] ;'ljwf k'/fpg' gx'g] / d+qLdf afx'g
5]qL dfq /fVg' kg]{Ù h'g cfh ;Dd klg ToxL ul/b} 5Ù eg]/ n]Vg]x? c/fi6« tTjÙ
/fi6«
lj/f]wL, clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] ljzfn ;d'bfosf] zq' geO s] t <
o:tfx?nfO{ s8f r'gf}tL lbP/ cfˆgf] /fi6«sf] -/fi6« eg]sf] df6f] dfq geP/ oxfFsf
d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nx? klg x'g_ pTyfg hu]gf{ / /Iffsf] lglDt klg
d+uf]nafbsf] hGd ePsf] 5 . o; sdLnfO{ lgle{Qmf k"j{s k'/f ug{sf] lglDt klg
d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg :yflkt ePsf] xf] / geO gx'g] xf] of] . d+uf]nafbsf]
jl/i6 zq'x? x'g wd{ lg/k]If / k|fGtLo ;/sf/ -ef/tsf] h:tf]_ nf]st+q, u0ft+qsf
lj/f]wLx? . To; kl5sf] zt{df clxGb" d"naf;Lsf] lglDt Pp6f 5'6} d+qfno
x'g' k5{ / To;df d+qL nufot ;d:t sd{rf/L PdPgcf]sf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd /flvg'k5{ .
k|To]s 5]qdf %)Ü sf]6f 5'6fOg' k5{ . hghftLsf] t'Ngf d"naf;L ;+u ul/g'
x'Gg . hghftL / d"nnaf;L Pp6} ePsf] e|ddf kg{' x'Gg . o:tf] e|ddf kg'{
7"nf] d"v{tf ug{' x'g]5 . hghftLsf] 7u hdftn] 7Ug ;Sg] /
d"naf;Lsf] sf]6f xTofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgfaf6 hf]ufpgsf] lglDt d+uf]n g]zgn
cu{gfOh]zgsf] l;kmfl/z cfjZoQmf k5{ . clxGb" d"naf;L ;+u y/, efiff,
cg'xf/ ldNg] lxGb' ;dfhsf] blnt hghftL / afx'g 5]qL ;+u y/ uf]qf]TofbL ldNg]
blnt sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{ hft, hftL lxGb'afb -afx'gafb_df dfq nfu' x'g] zAb xf] .
lxGb'afbdf rf/ hft x'G5 / To;sf] tNnf] txdf z'b| hft -s's'/ ;/x_ x'G5 / To;af6
v;flnP kl5 clt z'b| x'G5 cyf{t hftL slxG5 . o;f];n] sfdL, bdfO, ;fsL{ hghftL
rdf/TofbL hftL x'g hft xf]Og . z'b| afx'gsf] v'§f klg xf]Ù c+t clt z'b| eg] kl5
v'§fsf] tnsf] k}tfnf klg xf] . cyf{t hftL ePkl5 afx'gsf] k}tfnf xf] . ca sf]
g]t[Tjn] a'8f larf/df cfd'n kl/jt{g ug{ / w]/} gofF larf/nfO{ krfpg ;Sg]
5dtfjfg x'g'k5{ . hftLx?sf] x08L / sf]6f Pp6}
ul/g' k5{ . y/ ldNb}df ;fdflhs cl:tTjdf h;/L afx'g 5]qL / sfdL bdfO ;fsL{ Pp6}
:t/sf xf]Ogg\ . To:t} y/ ldNb}df lxGb' ;dfhsf] blnt hghftL / clxGb'
d"naf;L d+uf]n Pp6} xf]Og eGg] tYof / ;To ;a} txn] a'e\mg' k5{ a'em
krfp+g' x'Fb}g .
>L % dxf/fhflw/fhn] cfhLjg /fi6«klt eP/ al;alS;g] tkm{ ;f]lralS;of];\ / kfOnf] rflnalS;of];\ eGg] lgj]bg .
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh
gf/fo0flx6L, /fhbjf{/
sf7df08"
lbgfÍ–l8;Da/ !%, !((%
d+;L/ @(, )%@
laifo M– dfgj clwsf/ xgg, /fhg}lts ;+s6sf] ;[hgf / d'n's u[xo'4sf] d'vtkm{ ePsf]n] uDeL/tfk"j{s lgDg cfjZoQmfdfly ;f]lralS;of];\ eGg] lgj]bg .
;sf{/,
;a{k|yd d ;sf{/nfO{ ;]K6]Da/ &, !(&@ df d}n] AoQm u/]sf] -To; lbg ;sf{/ af6 /fi6« / cGt/fi6« laifodf larf/ AoQm ug{ Ps 306f ;do aS;]sf] lyof] /fhbjf{/df . larf/x? g]kfnsf] /fhlgtLdf ;xL 9+udf !* aif{kl5 !(() df b]vf k/]sf] ;Totfk|lt Wofgfsif{0f ug{ rfxG5' . To; kl5 d}n] æcfˆgf larf/x? lnlvt ?kdf afFrf];\Æ eg]/ / æd}n] b]v]sf uDeL/ ;d:ofx?k|lt /fhg}lts zlQm xftdf ePsfx?n] uDeL/tfk"j{ ;f]lrlbof];\ eg]/Ù !(*% df Pp6f k':ts n]v]+, To; k':tsf] gfd lyof] æg]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfOÆ . o;sf] c+u|hL gfd xf] 'Hidden Facts in Nepalese Politics'. c+u]|hL ;+:s/0f d}n] ;sf{/df klg k7fO;s]sf] 5' . of] k':ts jf:tljs ?kdf d}n] !(*$ df kfFr dxLgf;Dd nuftf/ ?kdf wf/faflxs ?kn] Go" nfO6 ;fKtfxLs ;dfrf/ kqdf n]v]sf] ;DkfbsLosf] ;+slnt ?k lyof] . of] k':tssf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f !(** df k|sflzt eof] . of] k':tsdf n]lvPsf jf:tljQmfnfO{ ;xL ;d:of g;+em]/ zlQmdf ePsf, zlQmdf k'Ug] k|of; ul//x]sf ;a} y/Lsf afx'g, 5]qLn] ;fDk|bflos cfFvfn] x]/], ;fDk|bflos lubLn] larf/ u/] . laleGg em"7f cf/f]kx? nufO{ dnfO{ /fhb|f]xL b]vfpg] n]vx? k|sfzdf NofP xfnsf ;efd'v /fdrGb| kf}8\ofnn] / xfnsf ;f+;b ;b:o hok|sfz cfgGbn] . d}n] t cFWof/f]leq pHofnf] vf]lh/x]sf] lyPF Ù cfˆg} df6f]df . clkt' lgd{d, lgb{oL, tfgfzfxf zlQmk|fKt kbflwsf/Lx?n] dnfO{ k':tssf] kmf]6f]slksf] cfwf/df ks|]/ nUof] !(** sf] cui6 dxLgfsf] cflv/L lbgdf . Gofo / clwsf/ xf]Og xg'dfg 9f]sf l8P;kL sfof{nosf] aGb sf]7fdf /fv]/ 8]S; 76fO 76fO wDsfpg] sfd u/]Ù l8P;kL, ;a OG;k]S6/ / ;/sf/L jlsnn] . l8P;kL sfof{nosf] p8';g} p8'; ePsf] cToGt l3gnfUbf] sf]7f lbof] a:gnfO{ hxfF lbzf lk;fasf] lglDt;Dd 5'6 lyPg . To; kl5sf] Gofo lyof] h]n . h]ndf a:gsf] lglDt k7fOof] / Ps xft rf}8f / ;ft xft ndfOsf] e"FO kfPF vfg, ;'Tg / a:gsf] lglDtÙ laleGg ck/fwLx?sf] dfemdf .
cfhsf] ;+;f/ oftfoftsf]
;fwgn] ;fFu'l/Psf] 5 .
O/fgsf zfxf, k|mfG;sf] qmflGt, blIf0f sf]l/ofsf /fi6«klt /f]t] p, o'uf08fsf
/fi6«klt Olb cldg, lkmlnlkG;sf /fi6«klt dfsf]{;x?sf] Oltxf; e'Ng} g;lsg] ePsf]
5 . To:t} ;+;f/sf c? 36gfx? 5g\ . o;}sf/0f d ;sf{/nfO{ cfh km]l/ @# aif{ kl5
-;]K6]Dj/ &, !(&@ kl5_ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s /fi6«/fhf / g]kfnL hgtfsf]
enf] ;+em]/ oL lgDg larf/x? k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
!_ >L % dxf/fhflw/fhn] cfhLjg /fi6«klt eP/ al;aS;g]tkm{ ;f]lrlS;of];\ / kfOnf] rflnalS;of];\ .
@_ g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If 3f]if0ff ul/aS;g] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ul/alS;of]; .
#_ g]kfnnfO{ s'g} ;Dk|bfosf] gfddf xf]Og -td'jfg, du|ft, lnDa'jfg, vDa'jfg h:tf] gfddf geP/_ gbL gfnf, kxf8 ka{{tsf] gfddf k|fGt 3f]if0ff u/L ToxfF lawfos, d'Vo dGqL aGg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/L xfn /x]sf] s]lGb|t ;sf{/ Aoj:yf (Unitary system of government) x6fO{ lbg] tkm{ sbd rflnalS;of];\ .
$_ dfgj clwsf/sf] kfng ug]{Ù d'n'sdf k"0f{ ?ksf] l8df]qm];L (fullfledged democracy) nfu' ug]{ Aoj:yf ul/alS;of];\ . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] nf]uf] a'4 wd{nfO{ lxGb"afbn] lyr]sf] (dominated) agfOPsf] 5, o;nfO{ t'?Gt} x6fOg' kg]{Ù g]kfnsf] xfnsf] ;Dat klg abnL ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;af6 c/fi6«Lo efjgfsf] k|ltlaDa dfq eO/x]sf] 5 .
%_ *)Ü d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{, h]n leq hgj/L !, !(*( df hGdfOPsf] d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgnfO{ ljgf e]befj, ljgf ;fDk|bflos ;f]rfO / clxGb"nfO{ nfUg g;Sg] ;+j}wflgs wf/f !!# -#_ nufO{ *)Ü clxGb" d"naf;LnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgnfO{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] btf{ lbP/ Gofo lbOof];\ eGg] rfxG5' . d Gofo dfUg, dfgj clwsf/ dfUg, j0f{e]bL lgtLsf] lj/f]wdf Gofo dfUg, ;+a}wflgs wf/f / pk wf/fx?sf] ;xL 9+un] AoVof u/L Gofo ul/of];\ egL Gofosf] lglDt ;af]{Rr cbfntdf k'u]+ . em08} $ aif{ d'2f n8]+ . lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] kIfkftk"0f{ lgtL, ;fDk|bflos larf/k|lt t/ d}n] ;af]{Rr Gofofnodf klg Gofo kfOg+ . lsg ls d clxGb" d+uf]n lyP+ . l6a]6f]–ad{h (Tibeto Burmese) efiff af]Ng] clxGb" d"naf;L lyP+ . o:tf cGofox?k|lt klg >L % dxf/fhflw/fhfsf] lgufxf k'uf];\ eGg rfxG5' .
cem cl3 a8f}+–Onfddf l;l8cf]n] lagf xftxltof/ hd36 x'g] / efif0f ug]{ dfgj clwsf/af6 d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ 8/ wDsLk"0f{ ?kn] /f]Sg vf]Hof] t/ ToxfF 7"n} 36gf x'g ;Sg] b]v]/ l;+l8of] ;kmn ePg . Onfd lhNnf / kfFry/ lhNnfsf vfOnfUbf /fO{ / lnDa'x?nfO{ ;}lgs / k|x/L etL{af6 al~rt ul/g yflnof] . of] 36gf /fhwfgL / w/fgsf] xf] . ltgLx?nfO{ klxnf] k|Zg ul/of], æuf]kfn u'?ªnfO{ lrg]sf] 5 ls 5}g < ltdL d+uf]ndf 5 ls 5}g <Æ s:tf] pb]snfUbf k|Zgx? ==== lhNnf sfof{nox?df xfd|f] cg'xf/ b]v] kl5 sfd x'g 5f8\of]Ù cem a]l; ;sf{/df slt hfx]/ u?+ . oL ;a c;Gt'i6Ldf u'D;]/ a;]sf] ljikmf]6g kbfy{ h:t} xf] . cfFwL (cyclone) cfpg cl3sf] xfjf h:t} xf] . xfdL clxGb" d"naf;L d+uf]nx? k|ltsf] kb k|fKt zlQm k|fKt lxGb" cfo{ afx'g, 5]qLsf] cx+sf/L babaf xf] . vf]O xfd|f] lglDt dfgj clwsf/ < k+rfot sfnb]lv g} x:tfIf/ ub}{ cfPsf] clwsf/ < xfdL clxgb" d"naf;L d+uf]nx?nfO{ g]kfn l6eLn], /]l8of] g]kfnn] / ;sf{/L kq klqsfn] ha{h:tL lxGb"sf] hft, hflt eg]/ k|rf/ ug'{ klg x]k'jf lgtL cGt{ut g} k5{ .
uf]kfn u'?ª
kmfp08/ k|]l;8]06
d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg]
/fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ cfhLjg
/fi6«klt eP/ al;lbg] g]kfnnfO{ nf]st+q
ef/tsf] h:tf] cyjf u0ft+q cd]l/sfsf] h:tf] 3f]if0ff u/L wd{ lg/k]If / k|fGtLo
;sf{/ 3f]if0ff ul/lbg] cfjxfg .
h'nfO{ @&, @))!
6]ln M %%@##!!
laifo M cfhLjg /fi6«klt eP/ a:g] wd{ lg/k]If
/ k|fGtLo ;sf{/ 3f]if0ff ug]{ .
;sf{/,
d OdfGbf/L ;fy cg'/f]w ub}{ lgDg j'+bfx?df Wofgfsif{0f ug{ rfxG5' .
!_ of]
;fFr} g} ;+;f/s} /fhlgtLdf Pp6f gofF gd'gf aGg hfG5 obL ;sf{/n] cfkm"nfO{
cfhLjg /fi6«klt 3f]if0ff u/]/ g]kfnnfO{
ef/tsf] h:tf] wd{ lg/k]If / k|fGtLo ;sf{/ 3f]if0ff ul/as:of] eg] . o; ljifodf
:j= /fhf lj/]Gb|nfO{ klg lgj]bg ub}{ l8;Dj/ !%, !((% df Pp6f lr7L k7fOof] t/
To;sf] s'g} k|ltls|of ePg . a? To;sf] b'O dxLgf kl5 km]a|'j/L !# !((^ df
dfcf]afbLx?n] cfˆgf] ultlawL yfn] .
@_ at{dfgsf] tyf slyt ;+ljwfg s]xL klg xf]OgÙ of] dfq s+u|];, tyf slyt sDo'lgi6 -Pdfn]_ / baf{/Lo afx'g 5]qLsf] ;+emf}tf kq xf] . o;n] *) Ü clxGb" d"naf;L d+uf]nnfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf] 5 . o;f];n] of] xfdLnfO{ :jLsfo{ x'Fb}g . xfdL d"naf;L (indigenous) d+uf]n g t cflbaf;L (migrated) x'g g t hghftL, (nomad, gypsy) lkml/+u] aghf/f . cfbLaf;L hghftLx? d"naf;L xf]Ogg\ . oL hghftLx?n] ;+;f/s} /fhflgtLdf dfq xf]Og cgle1 d"naf;Lx?nfO{ d'n's leq g} klg 7Ug] sfd ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
#_ wf/f $ -!_ @& -!_ clg !!@, !!# -#_ h'g rflx+ tyf slyt ;+ljwfg cyf{t dfly pNn]lvt lqkIfLof ;+emf}tf kqdf ;dfj]z 5 lt xfdL d"naf;Lx?sf] lglDt ;f+lrs} 8/nfUbf] lagf;sf/L 5g . wf/f $ -!_ n] xfdLnfO{ 3/af/xLg dfq xf]Og /fi6« laxLg g} agfPsf] 5 eg] @& -!_ n] lxGb" cfo{ afx'g 5]qLnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVt} xfdL ax';+Vofssf] hGdl;4 df}lns clwsf/sf] pk]Iff u/]sf] 5 . wf/f !!@– !!# -#_ xfdL d"naf;L d+uf]n, a'lbi6, ls|lZrog / l;snfO{ nfu' x'+b}g . of] P]g eg]sf] lxGb'sf] hft afx'g, 5]qL, a}Zo, z'b| clg c? pkhft cyf{t hftLx?nfO{ dfq nfu' x'g] xf] . h:tf] ls hghftL, -aghf/f, lkml/+u]_ sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{, Rofd] TofbLnfO{ . oL hftL cyf{t clt z'b|x? lxGb" ;dfhsf c5'tx? x'g . clkt' pb]s nfUbf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] of] !!# -#_ dnfO{ g} nfbg] sfd eof] ha ls d}n] dfly g} pn]v u/]sf] 5' ls of] lxGb'df dfq nfu' x'g] xf] . lgjf{rg cfof]un] klxnf] emd6dfg} d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] -PdPgcf]_ bvf{:t g} lng' dfg]g kl5af6 hGd l;4 clwsf/af6 g} j+lrt u/fOof] / dfgj clwsf/ / Gofo klg kfOg . Gofo vf]Hb} d}n] Psn a]+r x'Fb} k'g/fj]bg ;Dd k'u]/ / $ jif]{ nfdf] ;do latfP+ .
$_ g]kfndf xfd|f] lglDt dfgj clwsf/ / hGd l;4 clwsf/ g} 5}g lsg ls oxfF j0f{ e]b 5Ù . rf}tkmL{ g} cflbaf;L lxGb" cfo{ / d"naf;L d+uf]n dfem lae]b ;[hgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; j0f{ e]bL lgtLn] d]nldnfk / zflGt eGbf eljiodf a]d]n / czflGt g} lgDtfpF5 .
%_ g]kfndf eGg] ul/Psf] / ckgfOg] u/]sf] /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o d+q, /fli6«o kf]iffs, Sofn]08/ ;a} g} c/fli6«o x'g . o;f];n] ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx?n] uDeLtf k'a{s ;f]Rg' k5{ .
^_ ha k|fGtLo ;sf{/ lgdf{0f ul/G5 Tof] glb, gfnf, kxf8, ka{tx?sf] gfddf ul/g'k5{ s'g} ;Dk|bfosf] gfddf xf]Og . ax'bn dfq ;Dk"0f{?kn] nf]st+q xf]Og, nf]st+qsf] Pp6f ax'd"No c+u wd{ lg/k]If klg xf] . d d+uf]n d+qfno ;lxtsf] k"0f{ ?ksf] nf]st+qsf] kIfdf 5' . d+uf]n d+qfnosf] d+qL ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx? d+uf]n g} x'g' k5{ . clkt' o; d+qfnodf cflbaf;L, hghftL ;d'bfo af6 sf]xL klg x'g' x'+b}g .
&_ d}n] rfx]sf] nf]st+q eg]sf]– hgtfåf/f– hgtfsf] lglDt hgtfsf] xf] . /fht+q o; dWo] s'g} klg xf]Og . g]kfnsf zf]lift lk8Lt d"naf;L hgtfn] alnof] j0f{ e]bsf] ;fDgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 / oxfF dfgj clwsf/ k|lt cGofo ePsf] 5 . x]n rqmfO+ ul/Psf] 5 .
*_ ;sf{/, d o; si6sf/ ;d:t lae]b k|lt ;dodf g} uDeL/tf k"j{s ;f]lrlbg] cg'/f]w u5'{ . o;f] gePsf] v08df efjL lk8Ln] cfˆgf] clwsf/ lngsf] lglDt uf]nLsf] dbt lng gk/f]; / æu/ of ktg xf}Æ sf] kfOnf] rfNg gk/f]; . h;/L laZjsf] s}of}+ d'n'sx?df ePsf] 5 . d w]/} rf;f] lnP/ k|To't/ klv{/x]sf] 5' .
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-gf]6 – cui6 klxnf] xKtf cyf{t Ps xKtf kl5 baf{/ af6 wGojfbsf] lr7L k|fKt eof] . Ps dxLgf kl5 b'O{ uf8L k|x/L cfO 3/ 3]/]/ d]/f] clkm;sf] ;d:t k':ts / sfuh kq dfq lnP/ uPg . dnfO{ kqmg gkfPsf] emf]+sdf kfpgf cfPsL d]/L alxgLnfO{ g} 3f]qmfpb} uf8Ldf xfn]/ k|x/Lx?n] nu] . 3/ nyfln+u kf/]/ uP k|x/Lx? . d e"ldut eP/ Ps aif{ latfpg' k¥of] . alxgLnfO{ @) lbg kl5 dfq k|x/L lx/f;taf6 5f8] . dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg] b'O hgfnfO{ klg kqm]/ Ps Ps dxLgf k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fv] . Toltn] klg gk'u]/ d]/f] 3/ lbp+;} 8s}t u/fO lbof] . z'qmaf/ s} lbg kf/]/ .
g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf afx'gafb
Bahunism in Nepalese Politics.
s'g} klg cf}ifwL ljifos 8S6/sf] v'aL ljdf/sf] h8 kQf nufpg'df x'G5 . lj/fdLsf] h8 kQf nufpg ;Sg] 8S6/n] g} ;xL cf}ifwL lbg ;S5g\ . To:t} xf] /fhg}lts ljdf/L klg . g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts h8 ef/tsf uf]vf{ lnusf hGdbftf 8Da/ l;+x u'?ªnfO{ clncln cfefif ePsf] lyof] . To;} sf/0f g]kfndf /f0ff sflng o'udf klg sf7df08" leq]/ 6'+l8v]ndf efif0f ug]{ klxnf] JolQm x'g\ . To; kl5 pgsf efO cl/ axfb"/ u'?ªnfO{ cln ulx/f] yfxf lyof] . cl/ axfb'/ u'?ª g]kfnLdf klxnf] / cfh ;Dd Psnf] JolQm x'g'x'G5 h;n] Jofl/i6/ kfz u/]sf lyP . d]/f a'af l6jL u'?ª uf]vf{ lnudf x'g' x'Fbf 8Da/ l;+x u'?ª ;+u w]/} kN6 e]63f6 ug{' ePsf] xf] / d}n] 8Da/ l;+x afa'sf] ljifodf ;fg} pd]/ 5+bfb]lv ;'g]sf] klg xf] . dnfO{ yfxf 5Ù 8Da/ l;+x u'?ªsf] r'gfjdf d klg a; 76fO 76fO s/fpg] dWo]df / pk|mL pk|mL s/fpg] dWo]sf] Pp6f lyP+ . xfdLnfO{ 7"nfx?n] l;sfPg';f/ a;sf] e\mofnaf6 xft lgsfn]/ a;sf] leQf 76fpFb} s/fpFYof}+–æ8Da/ l;+nfO{ ef]6 b]pm – l8jL vftLnfO{ sf]6 b]pm .Æ l8jL vftL pxfFsf] lj/f]wL lyP . 8Da/ l;+x afa'sf] r'gfj lrGx lyof] snd / d;L bfgL . cl/ axfb'/ u'?ª ;+u t d]/f] lgs} kN6e]63f6 ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] sfn]a'ªsf] lqkfO{ 8f+8fsf] 3/df d pxfFsL 5f]/L ;? ;+u klg kl/lrt lyP+ . To;f] t bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf klxnf] :s"n OG;k]S6/ s]jL u'?ª Pstfsfsf j+ufnsf d+qL g/axfb'/ u?ª / pxfFsf 5f]/f ;+u klg lgs}tfsf e]63f6 ePsf] xf] . uh]Gb| klg afa' ;/x d+qL ;Dd ePsf x'g\ .
cl/ axfb'/ u'?ª s} sf/0fn] pxfF
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!^ xhf/ @ ;o ?lkof 5'6fP/ g]kfn k7fO lbPsf lyP . o;/L uf]vf{ ;f]Nh;{sf] k};f
5'6fO lbPsf ePtf klg g]kfnsfx?n] To;nfO{ lxgf ldgf u/]/ g} l;WofP . h'g s'/f
d}n] d]/f] !(*% df k|sflzt g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfOdf klg n]v]sf] 5' . cl/
axfb'/ u'?ª klg /f0ff zf;gsfndf g]kfnsf o'jf, o'jtLsf] lxtsf] lglDt s]xL ug]{
pb]Zon] k"jL{ Onfsfsf s]xL e]u / klZrdL e]udf klg 3'd]/
du'/fnLsf] gf/fdf du/, u'?ª, /fO{, lnDa'nfO{ /fhg}lts ?kn] ljpFemfpg] hdsf]{
u/]sf x'g . clkt' /f0ffx?n] yfxf kfP kl5 pxfFnfO{ g]kfn lgsfnf ul/of] . a'af s}
sf/0fn] d]/f] kl/ro ef]6fªsf s+u|]; kf6L{sf cWoIf l8jL u'?ª ;+u klg ePsf]
lyof]Ù ha pxfF l;lnu'8Ldf lgjf{l;t hLjg ljtfO /xg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
ljifodf w]/} rf;f] lnP/ d ;+u s'/f ug{' x'g]x?df d]/f a'af nufot cl/ axfb'/
u'?ª, l8jL u'?ª, g/ axfb'/ / uh]Gb| u'?ª nufot l;nLu'8Lsf 8S6/ -d]l8sn_ cfOjL
yfkf du/ x'g' x'GYof] . cl/ axfb'/ u'?ªn] yfngL ug{' ePsf] du'/fnLdf kl5 cfP/
;]tf klg ylkP/ ;]tf du'/fnL klg elgof] / s;f] s;f] kl5 cfP/ æd+uf]n eg]sf] ;]tf
du'/fnL xf] / ;]tf du'/fnLsf g]tf uf]kfn u'?ªÆ xf] klg elgof] . ax'bn kZrft
emfkfsf] afx'g 8f+uL 5]qdf afx'g 5]qLx?af6 d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf sfo{stf{x?
dfly if8oGq x'g yfn] kl5 / kf6L{sf] gfddf s]xL h+8\ofxfx?nfO{ ;'/fP/ PdPgcf]
sfo{stf{x? dfly cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgfa4 if8oGq eP kl5 le8Gt klg ePsf] lyof] . h'g
le8Gtdf g]kfnaf6 dfq xf]Og ef/tsf s]xL lxGbL / c+u|]hLsf ;dfrf/ kqx?n] klg d
k|lt lgs} cfqmds 9+un] n]v]sf lyP / k|Zg ug{ klg cfPsf lyP . s;} s;}n] t
æuf]kfn u'?ªsf] of]hgf a4 o'4 3f]if0ff, emfkfsf] h+undf d+uf]nsf] tflnd / d'lQm
5]q 3f]if0ffÆ eg]/ klg ;dfrf/x? k|:t't u/] . ;+of]u a; ef/t afx]s xf]Nof08 /
xf]ªsf]ªaf6 klg d]/f] cGtjftf{ lng cfPÙ /]l8of] / l6eLsf ;dfrf/ bftfx? .
o;f];n] d}n] ;]tf du'/fnLsf] zfAbLs cy{ lbPsf]5' . ;]Ö;]nfPsf], tfÖtfTof],
dÖd+uf]nn,] u'Öu'dfPsf], /fÖ/fi6«, lnÖlngnfO{ . g]kfnsf] !)$ aif]{ /f0ff
zf;gsf] h/f] pv]n]/ k]mSg]df ef/tsf g]kfnLn]dfq xf]Og adf{sfx? klg xltof/
af]s]/ k;]sf lyP, n8]sf lyP . g]kfndf ;;:q qmflGt ;kmn eP kl5 d]/f a'af h:tf
s}of}+ bf]>f] ljZjo'4 n8]sfx? kms]{ eg] s}of}n] g]kfndfg} 3/ a;fP . k|zf;lgs
sfd l;sfpg] Pshgf k"j{ ;}lgs u'?ªg} lyP h;sf 5f]/f] xfn s0f{]n ;Dd eP kl5
l/6fo{8 eP . lzIff 5]q, Gofono 5]q jfo'og / k|zf;lgs 5]q ;a} lt/ bIf JolQmx?
g]kfn aflx/af6g} cfPsf lyP . ]kfnaf6 sfd 5pGh]n efF8f] sfd ;lsP kl5 7f+8f]sf] Jojxf/
b]vfOPsf]n] g} !(^) sf] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 s" x'Fbf aflx/af6 ;fy kfPg .
emfkfsf Ps hgf s+u|]; g]tf kl5 k+r g]tf / k+r d+qLÙ k"j{ ;}lgsx?af6 ;xof]u
lngsf] lglDt d]/f a'afsf klg k'u]sf lyP . d]/f a'af To; tfsf bf]h]{lnª lhNnf
k"j{ ;}lgssf lgb]{zs klg x'g' x'GYof] . Tolt+h]n cyf{t !(^) ;Dd cfOk'Ubf
dnfO{ klg g]kfnsf] ljifodf lgs} yfxf eO;s]sf] x'gfn] / xfdLnfO{ g]kfnsf afx'g
5]qLn] xltof/sf] ?kdf dfq k|of]u ug]{Ù cfˆgf] :jy{ l;l4P kl5 lgDa'sf] /;
lgrf]/]/ km]s] h:tf] ug]{ Jojxf/ k|lt / xfdLx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] x/ 5]qdf c5't
/flvPsf] ljifodf yfxf eO;s]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] /fhlgtL ef/tsf] BSO (Brahminical Social Order) cyf{t afx'gafbL ;fdflhs Joj:yfaf6
;+rflnt 5 . of] 7Ls To:t} Joj:yf xf] h'g cd]l/sfdf tLg ;o aif{ cl3 Ps hgf bf;sf
dflns ljnLn}+r (Willie
Lynch) n] æsfnfx?nfO{
tLg ;o aif{;Dd s;/L sdf/f agfpg ;lsG5Æ eg]/ !&!@ df Pp6f kmd{'nf lbPsf lyP
. tLg ;o aif{ k'Ug ca ^ aif{ dfq afFsL ePsf]n] / ca sfnfx? klg r]tgzLn ag]/ x/
5]qdf cl3 al8;s]sf / sfnfx?sf] lglDt Hofgsf] aflh nufP/ n8\g] a8\g] dfl6{g n'y/
lsª, h];L Hofs;g h:tf sfnf g]tfx? b]vf kb}{ cfPsfn] æca p;f] s'g kmd{'nf ckgfP/
cl3 a8\g] / zf;g ;Qf cyjf /fhg}lts zlQm uf]/fx? s} xftdf /fv]/ sfnfx?sf] xftdf
zf;g kg{ glbg]Æ eGg] gofF kmd{'nfsf] vf]lhdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf qmflGtsf] s'/f
u/]/ hg} r'8fpg], æhg} ef/L eO;Sof]Æ eg]/ hg} gnufP/ /S;L vfP/ æxfd|f afa'
afh]n] tkfO{x?nfO{ zf];g u/of] eGb}df To;sf] ;hfo xfdLnfO{ lbg ;'xfp+ 5 <Æ
eg]/ a'l4sf] lbjfnLo ePsfx?nfO{ dSv kfg{' / luhf{ k|;fbn] kf]v/fdf k'u]/ æd klg
u'?ª s} 5f]/f x'FÆ eg]/ u'?ªx?nfO{ dSv kfg{' h:t} xf] . æxfdL cfo{x? of]
;+;f/df zf;g ug{ cfPsf xf}+ / c? zfl;t x'g hGd]sf x'g . cfo{ eg]sf] ;Eo /
7"nf x'g / x/ If]qdf cu|k+lQmdf ulgPsf xf}+Æ eg]/ tfgfzfxL lx6n/n] q'm/tf
ckgfPsf] / cx+sf/n] 8'lu|Psf] Pp6} s'/f xf] . lx6n/n] klg cx+sf/sf] efjgf /
tfgfzfxL k|j[lt ef/t s} lxGb' cfo{af6 l;s]sf x'g\ . o;} sf/0f :j:tLs lrGx klg
ef/ts} lxGb' cfo{sf] b]g xf] . cd]l/sfdf nfu' ePsf] The Willie Lynch Letter And The
Making Of A Slave sf]
kmd{'nfn] @)!@ kl5 gofF ?k lnP/ ToxfFsf sfnfx?nfO{ zfl;t dfq agfpg] / ef/t /
g]kfnsf d"naf;LnfO{ o;e]usf afx'g 5]qLn] p7g} glbg] u/L zfl;t agfO zf;sx?
cfkm} aGg] kmd{'nf ef/tsf] ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbn] tof/ u/]/ oxfFsf u'Kt ?kdf
;+rflnt afx'gx?nfO{ k7fpg] u5{ / To;}nfO{ ef/t g]kfnsf afx'g 5]qLn] lz/f]wfo{
u5{g . g]kfn / ef/tsf] /fhg}lts n8fOsf] h8 rflx+ xf] clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]n
/ ssl;o;af6 O/fg x'Fb} ;f8] tLg xhf/ aif{ cl3 ef/t / em08} kfFr ;o aif{ cl3
g]kfn leq]sf jt{dfgdf ælxGb' cfoÆ{ eg]/ lrlgg] afx'g 5]qL dfemsf] lje]b a0f{
e]b tyf /+ue]b lgtL . cyf{t d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]n / lxGb' cfo{ dfemsf] .
ef/tsf ;a} d"naf;L /];sf] b[i6Ln] d+uf]n x'g / wd{sf] b[li6n] a'l4i6 lyP .
o;sf/0f ef/t / g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts / wfdL{s n8fOsf] h8 xf]Ù clxGb' d+uf]nafb /
lxGb' cfo{gafb -lxGb' wd{ xf]Og afb xf]_ dfemsf] xf] . a'4 wd{ / To;sf] ah| s§/
lj/f]wL afx'gafb dfemsf] xf] . lxGb'afb eGg'sf] cy{ xf] afx'gafb . lxGb'afbsf]
6fpsf] afx'g xf]Ù bf]>f] bhf{df k5{ afx'gafbsf] ;+/Ifs 5]qL 5]qLx? ;'?df
cfo{ lyPgg\ . /fhk't eg]sf] /fHosf k'q -/fh–/fHo k't–k'q_ x'g\ . lsGt' xfn
sfnf] eO ;s]sf / lxGb' cfo{n] kl/lrt afx'g 5]qL cyf{t 5]q klt 5]q cyjf Onfsfsf
dflns dfem ;do ;dodf 6qmfp / n8fOF eO /xGYof] . 3df;fg n8fO rflx+ a[x:klt /
k/z'/fd dfem ePsf] lyof] . elgG5 To; 3df;fg n8fOFdf 5]qLx? cyf{t 5]qkltx? ;a}g}
dfl/P / ltgLx?sf ljwjf :jf:gL / 5f]/Lx? cfo{ afx'gx?sf] anfTs/df k/L hGdg
uPsfx? ;a} cfo{ ;Gtfg eP / afx'gaf6 v;]sf eP . ltg} v;x?nfO{ agfOP afx'gx?sf
/Ifs / cf1fsf/L . a'4 wd{ ;+;f/s} ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] wd{ xf] h'g c8fO xhf/ aif{
k'/fgf] ePsf] 5 / To;sf] kfFr ;o aif{ kl5 qmfOi6 wd{ aGof] / To;sf] klg em08} ^
;o aif{ kl5 pbo eof] d'l:nd wd{ . a'4 wd{ Pl;of / clk|msfdf dfq xf]Og
o'/f]kdf klg km}ln;s]sf] lyof] / To;f] x'g'sf] d"n sf/0f lyof] ;d|f6
czf]ssf] ;j{:j Tofu . a'4 wd{ pxL jt{dfg g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf hGd]sf / lxGb'
cfo{x?sf] if8o+qdf k/L b]z lgsfnfdf k/]sf l;bfxf -l;bfy{ xf]Og_ x'g . Tof] eGbf
klxnf g s'g} a'4 lyP g t cfh ;Dd g} 5g\ . a'4 -l;bfxf_ cl3 klg a'4 lyof] / a'4
lji0f' -l;Gw' 3fF6L Onfsfsf Ps hgf zlQmzfnL :qL nDk6 5]qklt cfo{x?sf] ;xof]uL_
nfO{ a'4 ;+u bf+Hg' / a'4nfO{ lji0f' cjtf/ eGg' n]Vg' cToGt b'i6tf k"0f{ /
sk6k"0f{ sfd xf] / k6 d"v{tf xf] . lxGb'afbdf a0f{ ljefhg / j0f{ e]b
lgtL afFr]sf] 5 . :ju{ / gs{sf] nf]e / 8/af6 zf];g lgtL ;fdGt k|yf hGdOPsf] 5
eg] a'4 wd{ l7s To;sf] pN6f 5 / a'4 o; e]usf d"naf;L (indigenous) d+uf]n x'g eg] cfo{x? ssl;o;af6
nv]l6Psf ljb]zLx? x'g . o; Onfsfsf] lglDt n'6fxfx? x'gÙ xTof/fx? x'g\ .
o;}sf/0f logLx?af6 o; e]usf d"naf;Lx?sf] enf] x'g} ;Qm}g / logLx?n] o;
Onfsfsf d"naf;Lsf] ktg afx]s pTyfgsf] s'/f ;f]Rg} ;Qm}gg\ . ef/t / g]kfnsf
d"naf;Lsf] pTyfgdf ltgLx?sf] -lxGb'cfo{sf]_ ktg ;lhn} ;+u b]Vg ;S5g\ .
h;/L klZrdL d'n'sdf / clk|msL d'n'sx?df æToxfFsf d"naf;L sfnfx?sf] pTyfg
x'g' eg]sf] uf]/f cfo{x?sf] ktg x'g' xf]Æ eG7fG5g\ . oL cfo{x? sfnf / kx+]nf
d"naf;Lx?nfO{ zflift agfP/ logLx?nfO{ n'6g], w'tg], e'6g] ;kgf dfq b]V5g\Ù
sNkgf u5{g\ / zf;s ag]/ df]h u/]sf] ;kgf dxn dfq ;[hgf u5{g . j+zut ;+:sf/n]
ubf{ zAb / ;8o+qsf] dxfhfn lj5ofpg dgf] lj1fgg';f/ s'/f ug{ / To; leq clkmd
ld;fpg l;kfn' x'G5g\ / o:tf] dxfhfndf n67 k/]sf k6 d"v{x? eGg] klg u5{g\ .
æafx'g 5]qL 6f7f af7f x'G5g\Ù To;tfx?;+u ljx] u/] 5f]/f 5f]/L 6f7f af7f x'G5g\
.Æ o:tf p+wf]ultsfx?sf] s'/fdf nfu] ltgLx?sf] ktg l;jfof s]xL klg xft nfUb}g .
s] lrg, hfkfg, sf]l/of, yfONof08TofbL d'n'ssf ljsl;t a'l4 ePsf d+uf]nx? afx'g
5]qLsf 7ofDj/ ;Gtfg x'g < afx'g 5]qLsf] ;+:sf/ ef/t / g]kfndf n'6g], x8kg]
l;jfo l;of] ;Dd agfpg] 9+u lsg gePsf] t < g]kfn / ef/tsf /fHo ;+rfng ug]{
g]tfx? cem klg t+q, d+q, Hof]ltifzf:qdf ljZjfif dfq ub{}{gg\ n'lsn'sL eP klg
hfb'u/ zfxL afafsf] / z+s/frfo{sf] k'hf cr{gf klg u5{g . zfxL afafsf] sd|fdf
rf/hgf pg s} eQm o'jsx?sf] nf; km]nf k/]sf] p ;dln+uL ePs]f ;To tYo 36gfx?sf]
ljifodf t b Plzog Ph, lala;L h:tf ;+rf/ dfWoodaf6 lgle{Qmf ;fy ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf
NofPsf x'g\ . /fhf lj/]Gb|n] zfxL afafsf] cfl;/afb yfKg] / ns]6 Nofpg] u/]sf
lyP . t/ p;nfO{ zfxL afafn]
lj/]Gb|sf] j+zhLo xTofsf08sf] ljifodf g eGg ;s] g bjf{/ xTofsf08af6 a+rfpg g}
;s] . z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf klg n'sL n'sL zfxL afafsf] k'hf cr{gf u/]/ cfl;/afb
dfUg] / tf+lqs zlQmnfO{ a/bfg dfUg] sfdsf] cu|k+lQmdf 5g\ . dx]z cfrfo{n] zfxL
ns]6 yfk]/ cfP kl5 lrtf}gdf zfxL d+lGb/nfO{ ;ft lj3f hldg pknAb u/fO lbPsf]
hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] lyof] . 1fg]Gb|n] klg g]kfndf eP hlt / hfg] hlt b]jL b]jtfsf]
cfhf k'hf ug]{ sfd / elQmefjaf6 an ljGtL dfUg] / efsn ug]{ sfd u/]s} x'g / ef]u
r8fP s} x'g . lg/+s'ztf k"j{s kfzljstf k"j{s lxGb' b]j b]jLn] em}
g/;+xf/ u/]s} x'g, eujfg a'4sf] s§/ lj/f]wL / xTof/f z+s/frfo{sf] z/0fdf kfp
nfuL ug{ klg k'u]s} x'g . t/ vf]O ltgLx?n] 1fg]Gb|sf] dgf]sfdgf k'/f ul/lbPsf]
< gu/sf]6df ePsf] sfnL dlGb/ 5]psf] g/ ;+xf/ klg st} sfnLnfO{ ef]u lbPsf] t
xf]Og < cflv/ zfGtLsf] hGd bftf eujfg a'4sf] ;Gb]zsf] clU3nlt/ df/sf6 drfpg]
s'g} klg lxGb' b]jtf b]jL eujgsf] s]xL l;k rn]g . zfGtL leqs} zlQm n]
1fg]Gb|sf] lz/ gt u/fO lbof] – o4kL a8fl/g rflx afFsL g} 5 . d ef/t / g]kfndf
a'4 wd{ dfly lxGb' cfo{afbsf] -lxGb'afb lxGb'wd{ xf]Og_ cfqmd0fsf k|df0fx?
k|:t't u5{' . eujfg a'4 h;sf] afns sfnsf] gfd l;bfxf xf]Ù l;bfy{ xf]Og .
l;bfxfsf] hGdynf] at{dfg g]kfnsf] n'lDagL ePtf klg l;bfxfsf] sd{ e"ld
at{dfg ef/t xf] . l;bfxfaf6 a'4 ePsf] 7fpF klg ef/t g} ePsf]n] l;bfxf g]kfnsf]
eGbf a];L ef/tsf] xf] / eujfg a'4n] c8fO xhf/ aif{ kl5 klg ljs[lt / cjx]ngf hlt
ljWg g]kfndf ;xg' k/]sf] 5Ù t'Ngftds b[li6n] ef/tdf ;xg' k/]sf] 5}g . o; sf/0f
d t a'4nfO,{ æef/t s} gful/s x'g eG5' .Æ ef/t e"ldaf6 g} a'4n] cfˆgf] 1fg,
bz{g, zfGtL / dfgjtfsf] pkb]z ljZjdf ;"o{sf]
ls/0f, rGb|dfsf] rfFbgL h:t} km}nfP o4kL TofxfF klg a'4sf] ckdfg ug]{, a'4nfO{
dfg]{ if8o+q, a'4nfO{ lxGb'afbsf] tn /fVg] / b]vfpg] a'4sf] b'gf{ld u/fpg] /
ug]{ sfd lxGb'cfo{x?af6 c8fO xhf/ aif{b]lv x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 tf klg a'4 wd{
km}nfpg] sfddf ;d|f6 czf]sn] cfk"m;+u ePsf] ;a} ef}lts ;fwg / cfTdf 1fg
;dfKt u/]sf x'g\ . afO; ;o aif{ eGbf a];L ;dob]lv cyf{t ;d|f6 ljDjL;f/, ;d|f6
czf]ssf] kfnfb]lv /fj0f / at{dfg o'usf 8S6/ led/fjcDj]8sf/ h:tf jL/ k'?ifx? ;a} g} ef/t s}
d"naf;L d+uf]nx? g} x'g . k/Gt' eujg a'4sf] gfddf bfg 7luvfg] g]kfnsf z'b|
/ 5'b| a'lbi6x?n] t 1fg]Gb| h:tf l3g nfUbf tfgfzfxfsf] v'§fdf klg 9f]Ug nufpg]
/ g]jf/ ;d'bfonfO{ v'§f wf]P/ kfgL v'jfpg] ;Dd g}lts xf/f sfd u/fPsf 5g\ . o:tf
z'b| / 5'b| d'7Le/ JoflQmx? s} xftdf 5 a'4 wd{sf] rfjL . ef/t / g]kfnsf]
/fhlgtL / wd{lgtL eg] s} ljb]zL lxGb'cfo{ / d"naf;L d+uf]n dfemsf]
xf] . o; sf/0f ha ;Dd lxGb' cfo{sf] xftdf cyjf ltgLx?sf] :jfdL eQm ;+:sf/df
hGd]sf x's]{sf, k'ms]{sfx?df oxfFsf] /fhlgtL k|e'Tj /xG5 cyjf ltgLx?sf] xftdf
/fhg}lts afu8f]/ /xG5 ta ;Dd oxfFsf d"naf;Ln] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, wfld{s,
;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts pGgltsf] dL7f] sNkgf ug{' / ;kgf b]Vg' eg]sf] sfNklgs dxndf
a;]/ ;j{;DkGg eO{ sfNklgs ef]hg ug{' / 3'dlkm/ ug{' xf] . o; sf/0f g]kfn /
ef/tsf d"naf;Lx? /fhg}lts r]tgzLn x'g} k5{ t/ k8Gt] d"v{ / k8Gt] a]Zo
xf]OgÙ k8Gt] a'l4lhjL aGg} k5{ . cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] lglDt, wfswSs'
hdfpgsf] lglDt dfq afFRg] kz'kIfL h:tf] l;ldt 3]/fdf dfq af+Rg] xf]OgÙ cfˆgf]
efjL lkl8sf] klg cl:tTjdf / ;'/lIft eljiodf afFRg ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] lglDt
w]/yf]/ ;fdflhs b]g lbg} k5{ . æljGb' ljGb'sf] ;dfj]zn] g} l;Gw' aG5ÙÆ eGg]
;TotfnfO{ a'emg] k|of; ug{' k5{ . lxGb'afb eg]sf] afx'gafb / afx'gafb eg]sf]
lxGb'afb xf] eg]/ d}n] bf]xf]/ofO t]x/ofO elg ;s]sf] 5' . n]lv klg ;s]sf] 5' .
g]kfnsf d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nx?n] cfˆgf] /fi6«, cy{, efiff, e]if,
e"iff ;a} g} u'dfO ;s]sf 5g\ / clxn] xfdL cfˆgf] /fi6«df xf]Og, lxGb'
/fi6«df, lxGb'x?sf] b]zdf z/0ffyL{ eP/ afFr]sf
5f}+ . of] agfpg] /fhfx? x'g\ . To; sf/0f /fhf /fh;+:yf afx'g 5]qLsf] lglDt
eGbf klg xfdL clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] lglDt k/d zq' x'g . c+t /fh;+:yf
h/}b]lv pGd"ng ug}{ k5{ . wd{ lg/k]Ifn] æ/fi6« ;a}sf] xf]Æ eGg] agfpF5 /
k|fGtLo ;sf{/ k|0ffnLn] xfd|f] klg g]t[Tjsf] ljsfz u/fpF5 .
g]kfndf a'4 wd{nfO{ lxGb's/0f ug]{
af}4 ljxf/x?sf] pGd"ng u/L lxGb'x?sf] ;Dklt agfpg] sfddf zf;s au{sf]
7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 lsg ls ltgLx?sf] xftdf zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;a} nufd
s]Gb|Lt x'G5 . a'8f lgns07 l:nlkª a'4 xf] . lxGb's/0f ul/P/ lxGb' eujg agfOPsf]
xf] . lxGb' /fi6«s}
sf/0f lxGb' dlGb/ kz'klt 5]qdf s/f]8f}+sf] ;DklQ vr{g] sfd x'G5, ah6 5'6fOG5 t/
a'4 u'Dafx?df z'Go . kz'klt dlGb/ hxfF lzjsf] d'Tg] -lnª_ /flvPsf] 7fpFdf klxnf
q}nf]SoZj/Lsf] d"lt{ lyof] . efis/ adf{n] To;nfO{ x6fO{ lzjsf] d'Tg] /fv]/
9f]u ug]{ rng rlNtdf NofPsf x'g . l;+x baf{/ agfOPsf] 7fpF af}4 laxf/ xf] To:t}
led;]g yfkfsf] baf{/ agfOPsf] 7fpF klg af}4 ljxf/ xf] . afx'gafbsf] 7luvfg]
efF8f]sf] ljifodf d}n] dfly 5:; 5'jfPsf] 5' . Holtifzf:qsf] ljifodf klg !(^)
tfsf afx'gx?sf] 7u hdftn] æ;ftj6f u|x h'w5 dxf k|no x'G5Æ eg]/ xNnf lk6of] t/
s]xL ePg . Ps kN6 æu0f]zn] b'w vfof]Æ eg]/ xf]xNnf drfof] km6fxfx?n] . 7Ug]
a'l4 klg ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/sf lgsfN5g ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbsf afx'g hdftn] .
Hof]ltif zf:qsf Ps hgf k|sf08 ljåfg k|f]km];/ 8]lj8 lxn j6{n] eg]sf5g . æ;+;f/sf
bzhgf ljåfg JolQmx?nfO{ 5fg]/ ;+;f/s} ;a} eGbf d"v{tf k"0f{ sfd 5fGg
lbof] eg] Tof] d"v{tf k"0f{ sfd rflx+ Hof]ltif zf:q x'g]5 /] .
Hof]ltif zf:q cToGt d"v{x?nfO{ 7luvfg] pkfo dWo] s} Pp6f 7u j[lt ePsf]n]
g} rf}yf] /fhf hh{n] cS;kmf]8{ / Sofda|Lhsf] kf7o qmdaf6 x6fO lbP/ of] Hof]ltif
ljifonfO{ sfg'g lj?4 3f]if0ff u/L Hof]ltif zf:q k8fpg]n] tLg jif{ h]n ;hfosf]
å08sf] efuL agfOlbP . Ps kN6 g]kf]lnogn] x:t/]vfsf Hof]ltifLnfO{ af]nfP/ p;sf]
x:t/]vf b]vfpb} ;f]w] æd]/f] cfo' slt 5 <Æ Hof]ltifLn] g]kf]lnogsf] xftsf]
/]vf x]b}{ w]/} gafFRg] atfP kl5 Hof]ltifLsf] cfo' ;f]w] . Hof]ltifLn] cfkm'
w]/} aif{ afFRg] s'/f atfP kl5
t/jf/ lgsfn]/ cfˆgf] xftsf] /]vf lrb}{ eg] æd d]/f] efUo cfkm} agfpF5' .Æ cfkm'
w]/} aif{ afFRg] atfpg] x:t /]vfsf Hof]ltifLsf] 6fpsf] 7'GsfpFb} g]kf]lnogn]
eg] æt]/f] d/0f d]/f] xftdf 5 t]/f] x:t /]vfdf xf]Og .Æ
eujg a'4sf] gfddf dfluvfg]x?n] /
a'4wd{df ljs[lt k}bf ub}{ k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{x?n] n'lDagL ljsfz sf]ifdf slt /sd
h'6]sf] 5 / slt vr{ ePsf] 5 Tof] lx;fa slxNo} st} b]vfPgg\ . k+rfot sfndf zfGtL
:t'k lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf !(&$ df ;]gfn] k'mlhu'?nfO{ h'8f] s/ft]åf/f zf/Ll/s
lk8f dfq lbPgg\ zfGtL :t'k eTsfpg] sfd klg u/] . To;kl5 ljxf/sf]
/fhlu/df jgfOof] . a'4 dfuL{x?n] l;bfy{ ljZj ljWofnosf] lglDt ;Dk"0f{
cfjZostf k'/f u/L To;tfsfsf k|wfg d+qL ;"o{ axfb'/ yfkf nufot @#% hgf
;f+;bx?sf] l;kmfl/;df l8;Da/ #), !((& sf] lbg lzIff d+qfnodf btf{ g+ !#^$
df btf{ u/fPsf] ePtf klg btf{ rflx+ cfh;Dd lbg] sfd ePg . lsg ls of] ljZjsf]
Psnf] / cflv/L lxGb' /fi6« xf]Ù lbg] lng] d'Vo 7fpFx?df afx'g 5]qL s} af]nafnf
5 . 8f8' kGo' ltgLx?s} xftdf 5 . z]/ axfb"/ b]pjfsf] k|wfg d+qLTj sfndf
k'g ;+emgf u/fpg] sfd ePsf] ePtf klg To; tfsfsf lzIff /fHo d+qL gf/fo0f k|sfz
;fpbn] ah6sf] cefj b]vfO 7f8} OGsf/ u/] . Pj+/Ltn] af}4 dfuL{x?n] gf]e]Dj/ !*,
@))@ 1fg]Gb|sf] kfnfdf bjf{/df ljGtL lj;fP . 1fg]Gb|sf lghL ;lrj dw';'wg
kf]v|]nn] ljw]os kfl/t ug{ lzIff d+qfnodf k7fP h:tf] u/] klg d+qfnon] wf]tL
nufOlbof] . Pj+/Ltn] b]jL k|;fb cf]emfn] klg l;bfy{ ljZjljWofnosf] hDd}
k|of;nfO{ 8:6 ljgdf km]ls lbof] . k|wfg d+qL nf]s]Gb| axfb"/ rGbsf]
sfo{sfndf klg n'lDagLdf hfkfgL af}4 leIf' hfjftfd]sfsf] xTof h'nfO{ #, !((&
df eof] . elgG5 To;df 1fg]Gb|sf] xft lyof] . lsgeg] leIf'n] n'lDagL ljsfz
sf]ifnfO{ k|fKt x/lx;fjsf] lglDt bjf{/df n]v]sf lyP . clkt' n'lDagL sf]ifsf
cWoIf 1fg]Gb| lyP . hfjftfd]sf n'lDagLdf l8;Da/ !((# df k'u]sf lyP . n'lDagL
ljsfz 5]qdf aGg nfu]sf] zfGtL :t'k lgs} ljzfn lyof] / !%^ lkm6 prfO ;Dd
l;l4Ps]f lyof] eg] Tof] prfOsf] Ps rf}yfO efu dfq xf] . eujg a'4sf] lj/f]wdf
lxGb' cfo{x? slt ;Dd cwd x'g\ ;S5g eg] n'lDagL ljsfz ;ldlt;+u ;DalGwt b'O hgf
afx'gx?n] a'4sf] d"lt{sf] d'vdf /lS; / ;'+u'/sf] df;' sf]rf/L lbPsf lyP .
of] lgrsfd cui6 @*, !((^ df ePsf] lyof] / lt 5'b| afx'gx? lyP s]bf/ g]kfn /
slkn
e§/fO{ . t/ g]kfn lxGb' /fi6« ePsf]n] / zlQmdf k|fo g} lxGb'x?sf] wlndnL
ePsf]n] To:tf kfv08Lx?nfO{ s'g} sfjf{xL ePg . g]kfnsf] bf]nvf lhNnfdf dfq $(
a6f u'Dafx?sf] xfnt ;Gtf]if hgs 5}g . bf]nvfsf] rfl/Uofª u'Daf, x]n]Da'sf]
dfsfª u'Daf, uf]vf{sf] r'd ufpFdf ePsf] d" / ;fOn'ª u'Daf g]kfndf Voflt
k|fKt u'Dafx? dWo]sf x'g\ . bf]nvfsf] nfKrf ufpFdf ePsf] nfKrf rf] uf]6f u'Daf
klg lgs} gfdL u'Daf xf] . of] P3f/f} ztfJbLdf Ps hgf nfKrf leIf'åf/f :yflkt
ePsf] xf] . h;sf] gfd lu5]g ldn] /]kf lyof] . elgG5 g]kfndf of] g} ;a} eGbf
7"nf] u'Daf xf] . t/ o; ;do oL u'Dafx?sf] cfly{s l:ylt /dfOnf] 5}gÙ lsg ls
g]kfn lxGb' /fi6« xf] . a'4 wd{df dxfofgfx?n] 7]/afbLx?nfO{ ælxgfofgÆ eg]/ xLg
b[li6n] x]g{' / j0f{>dL lxGb' cfo{x?n] em} clU3Nnf] hGd, k'g hGdsf] ljZjfif
ug{' g} a'4 wd{sf] ljs[lt ?k xf] / a'4n] s7f]/ kl/>d kZrft k|fKt u/]sf ;Toftfsf]
ljk/Lt xf]Ù a'4 bz{gsf] lvnfk xf] . a'4n] g O{Zj/nfO{ ljZjfif u/], g :ju{, gs{,
g clU3Nnf] hGd / g kl5 x'g] hGdnfO{ g} ljZjfif u/] h'g bz{g lxGb' cfo{gdf 5 .
lxGb' cfo{gx? a'4nfO{ 3[0ff ug{'df lnKt x'g'sf] sf/0f klg æa'4sf] ;ToftYofn]
ltgLx?sf] 7luvfg] af6f] x/fp+ 5Æ eg]/ xf] . a'4 ;+;f/ k|l;4 dxfg JflQmTj x'g /
a'4n] lbg' dfq hfg] lng hfg]gg\ . lsg ls a'4 :jo+ /fhs'df/ lyP / czf]s :jo+
;d|f6 lyP . a'4 / ;|df6 czf]s b'j} d+uf]n x'g . o:tf JoflQmTjx? lxGb' cfo{x?df
g lxhf] lyP g cfh 5g\ . lxGb' cfo{x?n] ck'u / cefj u|:t z/0ffyL{ hLjg ljtfpg'
k/]sfn] g} ltgLx? lng dfq hfGb5g\ lbg' xf]Og . bfgkqdfg} x]gf]{; g . a'4
u'Dafx?df bfgkq /flvPsf] x'G5Ù :jOR5fn] lbP klg x'G5g\ glbP klg x'G5 . clkt'
lxGb' dlGb/x?df k08fx?n] n'6g], 7Ug], hj{h:tL ug]{ u5{g . of] ltgLx?sf]
k'Vof}nL k];f, ;gftg ;+:sf/ g} e} ;s]sf] 5 . ;+;f/sf bzj6f a'l4i6 d'n'sx?df
kfFra6f d'n'sx? !_ >Ln+sf, @_ Dofgdf/ #_ sDjf]l8of
$_ nfcf]; %_ yfONof08 7]/jfbL x'g eg] dxfofgfdf kg]{ d'n'sx? x'g
!_ ef]6fª @ lrg #_ d+uf]lnof $_ leotgfd %_ hfkfg . a'4wd{sf s§/
lj/f]wL 1fg]Gb|sf] zlQm k'+h hf] xTofsf08df k/]/ /GylgP/ 3'ld lx8]sf] 5Ù Tof]
z+s/frfo{n] rf]nf km]g{' / bnfO{ nfdfn] !# cf}+ !$ cf}tf/ ln+b} k"j{ hGd /
cfufdL hGd / jt{dfg hGdsf] ljZjfif ug{' Pp6} xf]Og / < lxGb' cfo{afb / bnfO{
nfdfsf] k'g hGd x'g] dxfofgf a'4 wd{df s] km/s < dxfofgfx? cWoog ug]{
d"nynf] agf/; lxGb'x?sf] lty{:yn xf] / dxfofgfx?n] a'4sf] eGbf j];L gfd
kbd\ ;Dejsf] lng] u5{g / nfvf} nfv kN6 kbd\ ;Dejsf] gfd prf/0f u/] :ju{ k'Ug]
nf]edf To;f] ul/G5 . kbd\ ;Dej zfGtf /lSvsf h'jfO{ x'g pl8;fsf afx'g x'g\ .
ef/tdf zf;g hdfO ;s]sf lxGb' cfo{gdo-Aryan) x?n] g]kfn ltAat tkm{ cfˆgf]
;fd|fHosf] lj:tf/df / a'4sf] k|efj 5]qdf a'4 wd{sf] t]hf] a4df lg/Gt/ nfu] .
h:t} Pstfsf ljz]if
u/]/ !**$–!(!$ ;Dddf ;+;f/sf] ljlGeg e]udf k}mn]sf cfo{x? cfˆgf] ;fd|fHo
lj:tf/df nfu] kl5 hd{gn] bz nfv ju{ dfOn e"ldnfO{ 8]8
s/f]8 hg ;+Vof ;lxt cfˆgf] e"–efudf ldnfof] . o:t} qmddf k|mfG;n] rfln;
nfv ju{ dfOn e"efu ;lxt kf+r s/f]8 hg ;+Vof cfˆgf] clwgdf u/fpg ;Sof] eg]
lj|l6zx?n] krf; nfv ju{dfOn eGbf a];L cfˆgf] clwgdf u/fpg ;Sof] . hxfF kfFr
s/f]8 ;Q/L nfv hg;+Vof cfˆgf] clwgdf u/fof] . oL e"efux? clk|msL d'n's /
PlzofnL d'n'sx?sf x'g . o; k|sf/n] !$(@ ;Dddf uf]/fx?n] ;+;f/ s} e"ldsf]
(Ü e"efu cfˆgf] clwgdf u/fO ;s]sf] lyof] eg] !(#% ;Dddf ltgLx?n] ;+;f/sf]
*%Ü e"efu cf]ul6 ;s]sf lyP . o;}sf] kmn:j?k clk|msf / Plzofsf d'n'sx?nfO{
logLx?n] s+ufn agfP/ 5fl8lbP . la|l6zx?n] 3f]8f, kfNsL, xflQToflb r8g kbf{
sfnfx?nfO{ 3f]K6f] kf/]/ 9f8df 6]s]/ pSnGYo] . c:6«]lnofdf !(&) tfsf ;Dddf
uf]/fx?n] TofxfFsf sfnf d"naf;Lx?nfO{ r/f df/] h:tf] / ls/f km6]+u|f df/]
h:tf] u/]/ dfg]{ uy]{ . h;/L ef/t / g]kfndf lxGb' cfo{x?n] ug]{ uy]{ . k/Gt'
klxnf] / bf]>f] ljZj o'4n] klg w]/} kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 / oL zf]lift lk8Lt
d'n'sdf d"naf;Lx? klg r]tg zLn eP/ cfPsfn] cfk"m bf;tfaf6 d'Qm x'gsf]
lglDt ;+3if{/t 5g\ . ;+u7Lt x'g] qmd klg qmlds ?kdf hf/L 5 . æla|l6z ;fd/fHodf
slxNo} 3fd c:tfpFb}gÆ eg]/ k"mlt{ ug]{ uf]/f] cfo{x? clxn] l;ldt Onfsfdf
sf]r|g' k/]sf] 5 eg] ef/t / g]kfnsf d"naf;Lx?nfO{ wlndnL u/]/ n'6g] sfnf
eO ;s]sf lxGb' cfo{x?n] klg æcfˆgf] xftaf6 zf;g zlQm, /fhg}lts / cfly{s zlQm g
v':sf];\Æ eg]/ ljleGg pkfox?sf] ;8o+qsf/L pkfox? ckgfpg] e/ dUb'/ k|of; ul/g}
/x]sf 5g\ of] :jfefljs klg xf] .
w]/}nfO{ yf]/} lbg;Dd a]as'km agfP/
/fVg ;s] klg w]/} lbg ;Dd j]js'km agfP/ /fVg ;Qm}g . hlt hlt ef/tsf
d"naf;Lx?df r]tgf el/b}hfG5 . ljWof cfh{g ub}{ hfg]5g\ Tolt Tolt g} oL
sfnf lxGb' cfo{x?sf] ;a} ;8o+qsf] kbf{ kmf; x'+b} hfg] 5 / c+u]|hx?sf] b'b{zf
eP h:t} oL afx'g 5]qLsf] xfnt x'g] 5 . logLx?n] a'l4 k'/fPgg\Ù ;fdk|bflosQmf /
lxtn/L bDd Tofu]gg eg] logLx?sf] k};f / zlQmsf] k'mlQ{ afn'jfdf ldNb} hfg]
5 . Pj+/Ltn] g]kfndf klg xfdL oxfFsf d"naf;L d+uf]n s} e"ld n'6]/ wgL
ePsf, xfdLnfO{ s+ufn agfP/ xfd|f] e"ld, wd{ ;+:sf/ ;a yf]s gi6 u/fP/
;8o+qsf] dxfhfnf] cf]5ofP/ zlQm ;DkGg / cy{ ;DkGg ag]sf lxGb' cfo{ afx'g
5]qLsf] l:ylt /f0ffx? / 1fg]Gb|s} h:tf] eP/ 9Ng] 5 . k/Gt' xfdL lgle{Qmf
k"j{s p eg' / h'6g' cToGt cfjZos 5 / r]tglzn aGb} / agfpFb} cl3 a8\g' k5{
lgw{Ss ;+uÙ lgle{Qmf ;+u lht xfdL d"naf;L d+uf]n s} x'g] 5 / xfdLnfO{
ljhon] klv{ /x]sf] 5 . xfdL h'g;'s} kf6L{ jf k]zfdf ePsf] ePtf klg xfdLn]
xfd|f] ;femf zq' lrGg' / lrgfpg' sDd/ s;]/ ltu|f, gsdfO, lubL / d'6'nfO{
;Gt'lnt u/fO clN5 gdfgL, ef]s, ltvf{sf] k|jfxf gu/L km8sf] dfg{' k5{ eflj
lk8Lsf] d'lQm cfˆg} e"lddf x]g{sf] lglDt .
a'4 wd{sf] Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/df
nfUgsf] lglDt ;d|f6 czf]s cfkm} nfu]/ /fhkf7 Tofu] kl5 Psflt/ a'4 wd{sf] Jofks
k|rf/ t cjZo eof] t/ csf]{ lt/ lxGb' cfo{ ;fdGtLx?n] lgw{Ss ;+u 6fpsf] p7fP/
cfˆgf ;–;fgf
/fHox? :yflkt u/fpg klg ;kmn eP clx+;fsf] kfng ub}{ cl3 j8]sf a'4dfuL{x?nfO{ lgd{dtf
k"j{s km8fgL ug{ / j0f{ e]bL lgtL ckgfO ef/tsf d"naf;Lx?nfO{ sf6df/
ug{ klg lxGb' sfnf cfo{x?nfO{ ;lhnf] eof] . af6f] kmfFl6nf] / ;lhnf] eof] .
h;sf] g/fd|f] c;/ cfh ko{Gt ef/t / g]kfnsf d"naf;Ldf k/]sf] 5 . lo
lgd{dtfk"j{s ef/t / g]kfn leq]sf lxGb' cfo{x?n] xfdLnfO{ lgd{dtf
k"j{s n'6g] u/]sfn] bl/b| / clzlIft agfO 6f+6 kN6fO lbP/, ltgLx?sf] ;+:sf/
nfb]/ xfd|f] ;a yf]s e'nfO{ lbP, af6f] lj;f{O lbP, vf]Hg] gfd lg;fg ;Dd gi6
ul/lbP . czf]s kl5 ef/tsf] Oltxf; z'Go / c+Wof/f]df ljlng eof] . em08} ;ft cf7
;o aif{ ;Dd . To; kl5 em08} !^–!& ;o aif{ cl3 at{dfgdf b]Vg kfOg] ljleGg
d"lt{sf b]jb]jLx? lnP/ b]vf kb}{ hfgyfn] . a'4 wd{jnDjLx?nfO{ / a'4sf]
gfdf] lg;fg lgld7ofGg} kfg{sf] lglDt sn'l;t dxfhfn lj5fpFb} / ltj|tf ;fy
cfqmd0f ub}{ cl3 a8] lxGb' cfo{ afx'gx? .
g]kfndf rGb| zdz]/n] lxhf] cl:t
h:tf] dfr{ !(@$ df / o'4 zdz]/n] h'nfO{ !($$ df a'4dfuL{x? dfly u/]sf q'm/
bdgsf/L cGofo t lxhf] c:tLsf] xf] . logLx?n] s}of} a'4dfuL{x?nfO{ h]n xfn] b]z
lgsfnf u/] . lxhf] cl:t xfd|} cfFvfsf] clU3nlt/ cui6 !%, !(&$ df d08n]
Joj:yfsf c+rnflwz z+s/ /fh kf7sn] kf]v/f l:yt zfGtL :t'km ;]gf k7fP/ 9flnlbPsf
x'g\ . cfgGb s'6Lsf] >Ln+sf r}Tofsf] cToGt uf]Kof / ;'/lIft :yfgaf6 a'4sf]
cl:y -v/fgL_ rf]/Lof] h'nfO{ !(&# df . t/ rf]/ cfh ;Dd kqmfp k/]sf] 5}g .
:jo+e"sf] r}Tofaf6 1fgdfnf ehg vn rf]/L eof] clk|n !((^ df . s] ePsf] 5}g
< æa'4sf] b]zÆ eg]/ dfuL vfg] d'n'sdf / s] u/]sf 5}gg\ < lxGb' /fhf /
zf;sx?n] < oL ;a} ef/tsf ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbsf afx'g hdft / afx'gx? / g]kfnsf
afx'gafbL hdftaf6 g} lgb]{zg x'g] sfd u5{ . g]kfndf cfP/ () s/f]8 lxGb'x?sf]
lxGb' ;d|f6 3f]if0ff ug]{ km6fxf, judk'm;] g]tf czf]s l;xnn] () s/f]8 lxGb'x?
1fg]Gb|sf] kl5 ePsf] atfPsf lyP . t/ lxGb' ;d|f6n] u4Lg} 5f8]/ efUg] l:yltdf
nf]st+q / u0ft+qafbLdf g]kfnL hgtfn] k'/fpFbf lsg () s/f]8 ljZjsf lxGb'x?nfO{
ptfg{ ;s]g km6fxf lxGb' g]tf czf]s l;xnn] < vfF6L lxGb' eg]sf] afx'g 5]qL s
/ v ju{sf lxGb'x? x'g h;sf] ;+Vof ef/df !%Ü / g]kfndf @)Ü 5 . oL b'O{nfO{ cnu
ul/lbP ef/tdf afx'gx? #Ü g]kfndf #=%Ü k|ltzt 5g\ . logLx?sf] zf;g ;Qf l6Sg'sf]
d"nsf/0f xf] b'a} d'n'ssf d"naf;Lx?df ef+hf] xfNg, h'emfpg, km'6fpg
;lhnf] 5 . lsgeg] ltgLx? u/Lj 5g\, clzlIft /
bl/b| 5g\ k};f, k]zf / k|zf;gsf] b[li6n] . oL d'naf;Lx? ;lhn} ljS5g\, jxlsG5g\
/ k/:k/ n8\5g\, le85g\\ . o;}sf/0f klg l;lsddf ;fwf/0f g/jxfb'/ e08f/Ln] eGg]
uy]{ ælnDa'x? af]/f eGbf ;:tf] 5Æ eg]/ . of] t d}n] d]/} r'gfptfsf klg cg'ej
u/]+ h'g d"naf;Lx?sf] xs, xLt, ;'/Iff / cl:tTjsf] lglDt !(*) b]lv v'n]/
n8\b} cfPsf] 5' ltg} d"naf;L d+uf]nx?n] b'O{ rf/ Unf; 7/f{ / b'O rf/ 8f8'
/fFufsf] df;' cyjf b'O rf/ ;o ?lkofdf ;j{:j lj;]{/ d]/} lj/f]wdf ef]6 v;fn] .
t/ ;:tf]] ;dfh ;a}lt/ x'G5 . hj ;Dd dflg;sf] ljrf/ zlQm x'Fb}g, ljj]ssf] :t/
e'O+df x'G5Ù p;n] cfˆgf]nfO{ / cfk"mnfO{ lrGg] :t/ agfpFb}gÙ kb, k};f /
k|zf;gb]lv y'/ y'/ x'G5 w/d/fpF5 . t/ Tof] c:yfoL xf] . nuftf/sf] k|of;n] gofF
lk8L hGdG5 . gofF hdft tof/ x'G5 . To;df Tofu x'G5 a'emg] 5dtf ljrfg]{ zlQm
ljslzt x'G5 . To;n] lgle{Qmf k"j{s ;fy lbG5 . lgb{oL / qm'/tfn] el/Psf]
5nsk6 x[bon] el/Psf] zf;g ;Qfn] ;f]Rg' :jfefljs xf]ls æhgtfnfO{ hlQ lyr]/
cft+lst agfP/ /fVof], bl/b| agfO lbof] Tolt bjfpg ;lsG5Æ eGg] kfzljQmf lb3{lhjL
x'g ;Qm}g . O/fgsf zfxf, ckmuflg:yfgsf zfifs, /l;ofsf hf/, hd{gsf lx6n/,
/f]dflgofsf r;];s', a[l6z zf;g ;Qf, /f0ff / d';f]lngL nufot clk|msf d'n'ssf
uf]/f zfifsx? / :jo+ 3f]lift /fhf 1fg]Gb| s} s] xljut eof] < 1fg]Gb| / /fh
;+:yf ca a8fl/g' k5{ / xfdL h:t} ;fwf/0f gful/s aGg k'Ug' k5{ . of] b]zsf]
/fi6«ktL, k|wfgd+qL, ;]gfk|d'vTofbL .
k/Gt' 1fg]Gb|nfO{ t+u|fpg] ;8\oGq / k|of; Pp6f afx'g hdftn] / ltgLx? ;+u
xft]dfnf] ug]{n] ug{ 5f8\b}g . of] /fhg}lts hdftnfO{ clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]n
p7]sf] h'6]sf] lx8]sf]df Oio{ x'G5 . lsg eg] Tof] lg/+s'; hdft ;+u d"naf;L
d+uf]nsf], j0f{, wd{, ;+:sf/ s]xL klg ldNb}g . Tolt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg lb3{sflng
;dodf ltgLx?sf] s]xL l;k nfUb}g g} . ;fd, bfd, b08, e]b ;a}g} Ps kl5 csf]{ / csf]{
kl5 csf]{ ub}{ 9Nb} hfG5Ù wld/f nfu]sf] ?v h:tf] . o;sf/0f xfdL ef/t / g]kfnsf
d"naf;Lx? lxDdt ;fy cl3 a8\g' k5{ xft] dfnf] u/]/ c+ufnf] df/]/ . lsg eg]
xfdL Pp6} Jofyfsf Jofyfn'x? xf}+ . xfd|f ;femf zq' klg Pp6} xf] . xfd|f] zlQm
eg]sf] kljq ;"o{sf] ls/0f / lxdfnL xfjf h:t} xf] . xfd|f] ;'Id zlQm xfdL
cfkm}df eP/ klg b]Vg] 5dtf gePsf] xfdL s:t'/L d[usf] ljGbf h:t} xf] . xfdL
dfp/L h:t} d]xgtL eP/ dx j6'Ng] ePtf klg xfd|f] dx vfO lbg] 8f+6 glrGg] cj:yfdf
/x]sf] dfp/L h:t} klg xf] . xfdL d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nx? p7]/ lx8\of}+
eg] 5'6]sf h'6\of}+ eg] j0f{ e]bL lxGb' cfo{ t s] kxf8 kj{t lgx'l/lbG5, gbL
gfnfn] af6f] 5fl8 lbg] 5 . a'4 d+uf]n xf] p7]/ lx+8] ljZjdfg} zfGtLsf]
;Gb]z km}Nof] . r+s];v+ -t]d'lhgL d+uf]n gfd_ p7]/ lx8], Plzof / o'/f]k ljho
u/], dfcf] p7]/ lx+8] rLgsf ljzfn hgtfnfO{ /x/ nfUbf agfO lbP, bf;tfsf] ;fªnf]
r+'8fO lbP d[To' kZrft klg g]kfn ef/tnfO{ xNnfO lbP . xfdL d+uf]n leqsf] zlQm
eg]sf] ljpsf] u]8f leq n's]/ a;]sf] k|f0f xf]Ù wtL{e]udf cyf{t ef/t / g]kfndf lelqg' cl3 oxfF s'g} e]befj lyPg
.
ef/tdf ToxfFsf
d"naf;LnfO{ ;+xf/ ub}{ g]kfn lt/ P8\; /f]u h:t} ;/]sf] lxGb'cfo{sf] j0f{
e]b lgtLs} sf/0fn] !% cf}+ ztfAbL lt/ u'? gfgsåf/f l;s wd{ hGd]sf] xf] .
!($& df ef/t 6'qm]/ kfls:yfg aGg'sf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] . ef/tLo afx'gx?sf]
k|efjzfnL hdft / Pd s] ufGwLn] lhGgf ;a} b[li6n] ;Ifd ePsf] ePtf klg k|wfg dGqL
x'g'af6 /f]Sg' lyof] . afx'gx?sf] k|efjsf] kmn:j?k hjfx/nfn g]x? g} jGg' kYof]{
klxnf] ef/tLo k|wfg d+qL÷ kmn :j?k ef/t 6'lqmof] dfq xf]Og ufGwLhL s'g} blnt,
d';ndfg, l;s, lqmlZrogaf6 xf]Og afx'gaf6g} dfl/of] . h'g afx'gsf] lglDt algof
ufGwL dl/d]6 ltg} afx'gn] if8\o+qsf/L 9+un] ljZjf;3ft u/]/ xTof ul/lbof] . cflb
z+s/f b]vfj6L ?kdf kSsf a'4 dfuL{ ag] ;a}sf] ljZjf; lht] kl5 xhf/f}+
a'4dfuL{nfO{ wf]sf lbP/ df/] . To;/L g} z'b|sf] /fhf sxlnPsf lzjhLnfO{ klg pg}
afx'g d+qLx?n] xTof ul/lbP eg] l6k' ;'Ntfg klg pgs} afx'g d+qLx? k'd}{bf /
s[i0f /fjaf6 wf]sf kfP/ cfˆgf] /fi6« / k|f0f b'a} ujfpg' k/]sf] lyof] . ;d|f6
czf]ssf] zf;g sfndf leIf'x?n] /fd|f] vfg / ;'lsnf] 7fpFdf vfg' a:g' kfpg]
ePsfn] / /fd|f] nufpg' kfpg] ePsfn] ^) xhf/ afx'gx? leIf' ePsf lyP . ;d|f6 xif{
ab{gnfO{ klg ^#) df afx'gx?n] dfg]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf lyP . t/ plrt ;dodfg} yfxf kfP
/ afFr] . To; kl5 %() hgf afx'gx?nfO{ e'm08fP/ kmfF;L lbP . Tolt dfq xf]Og To;}
a]nfb]lv afx'gx?nfO{ c5't 3f]if0ff ul/lbP h'g k|yf &%) P8L ;Dd /of] .
a[xbfy{nfO{ dfg]{ sfd klg if8\oGq k"j{s k'iks ldq gfds afx'gaf6 ePsf]
lyof] . uofdf ePsf] j'4sf] af]bL a[If / u'Daf hnfP/, eTsfP/ gi6 ul/lbg] b'isd{
klg Ps hgf ;fdGtL afx'gaf6 g} ePsf] xf] . o;}af6 klg yfxf x'G5 cjtf/ -k"j{
hGd / klR5Nnf] hGdsf] gfddf :ju{ / gs{sf] nf]e / 8/qf; b]vfP/ 7lu vfg] lxGb'
cfo{ afx'gx?nfO{ csf]{ hGd g x'g] clU3Nnf] klg gx'g] :ju{ / gs{ e'm7f] ePsf]
atfpg] :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, eft[Tjsf] d+qsf] pkb]z k'ms]/ lx+8\g] a'4 -l;bfxf_ ;+u
afx'gx? sltsf] cfqmf]lzt /x]5g\ eGg] atfp+5 . logLx?sf] o:t} rl/q / ;+:sf/
b]v]/, ;'g]/, u'g]/ g} x'g ;S5 df]xdbuhgL ;+u !)#) df ef/t cfPsf kmf;L{
Oltxf;sf/ cna]?gLn] logLx?nfO{ ;a{k|yd jt{dfgdf k|rlnt zAb lxGb'gfdfs/0f u/]sf
lyP . h;sf] cy{ x'G5, n''6fxf w'tf/ 7uToflb . o; ;Totfsf] k|ToIf k|df0f t cfh
klg ef/tsf] ljleGg dlGb/x?df k|i6;+u b]Vg / ef]Ug ;lsG5 . logLx?sf] o:t}
lgb{otf, ;+sL0f{tf, lg/+s'ztfs} sf/0fn] x'g ;S5, lxGb'x?sf] :j:tLs lrGx /
lx6n/sf] :j:tLs lrGx Pp6} ePsf] . nf]sfotx?n] a}lbs k/Dk/fsf afx'gx?nfO{
w"tf{ ef+8 / lgzfr/ klg eg]sf 5g\ . cyf{t a]b agfpg] log} tLg x'g eg]sf
5g\ . qof] a]b:o, stf{/f, tkl/Gw't{, ef+8 lgzfr/ . ef/tdf ePsf oL k|Voft
dlGb/x? klxn]sf a'4 dlGb/x? x'g h'g lxGb' cfo{ afx'gx?n] lj:tf/} x8k]/ cfˆgf]
agfPsf x'g . !_ ab|Lgfy P3f/ ;o aif{ klxnf ;Dd a'4 ljxf/ xf] cfhsf] alb|gfysf]
d"lt{ a'4sf] d"lt{ xf] . @_ pl8;fsf] hugfyk'/L ! xhf/ ^ ;oaif{ klxnf
a'4 ljxf/ xf]Ù hxfF a'4sf] bfFt wft' :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] . #_ tfldngf8'sf]
sf+lrk'/dsf] 8+un'/ / s]/nfsf] ;a/L $_ dnfO{ wd{ :yn sgf{6s k8/k'/ dxf/fi6«sf]
%_ uofsf] ljxf/ dWofk|b]z ph}gsf] ^_ pQ/ k|b]z sfzL dy'/fTofbL 7fpFx?df af}4
u'Dafx? eTsfP/ agfOPsf lxGb' dlGb/x? . lxGb'x?sf] cfqmd0fsf/L lgtL / Jojxf/af6
sAhf ul/Psf] / a'4sf] clx+;f k/ef] wd{n] s]jn df/sf6 ;xg' k/]sf] l:yltdf /
a'4sf] d'Vo lgtLx?nfO{ g} ljs[ltdf k'/fpg] sfd lxGb' cfo{x?n] u/]sf 5g\ . xfn
k|dfl0ft pTvgfg';f/f j/L dl:hb af/ cof]Wo gu/df klg a'4sf d"lt{x? l;jfo
s]xL kfOPsf] 5}g . gjf} ztfAbLdf ef/tsf ljleGg e]udf kGb| aif{ ;Dd 3'd]/
ljtfpg] lrgsf af}4 leIf' ofqL x' Pg ;fªsf] n]vfOg';f/ To;} ;dodf g} cyf{t !@ ;o
aif{ cl3g} pgn] c8fO xhf/ af}4 ljxf/ kfPsf lyP eg] ! nfv ^) xhf/ af}4 leIf'x?
lyP . a'4 wd{k|lt / a'4dfuL{x?k|lt lxGb'cfo{x?n] / ltgsf ;dy{sx?n] hlt cGofo,
cTofrf/ ug]{ lgi7"/tf b]vfpg], q'm/tfk"j{s bjfpg] sfd t d'uf]nx?n]
klg slxNo} u/]gg\ . Pstfsf lxGb' cfo{x?n] cyf{t cfh xfdLn] ;lhn} lrGg] afx'g
5]qLx?n] k'/L, lt?klt, a'4uof Onfsfdf hf] s;}n] klg af}4 leIf'nfO{ df/]/ p;sf]
6fpsf] b]vfpg ;s]sf] v08df k|To]s 6fpsf]sf] Ps;o ;'gsf] l;sf kfpYof] . of] ;a}
a'4 dfuL{df 5ofk 5ofKtL kfl/Psf] clx+;f k/ef] wd{sf] dgf] a}1flgs xf/ :jLsfg]{
if8o+qsf] sf/0f g} xf] eG7fG5' d . of] dgf]j}1flgs if8o+q lgZrog} lxGb'
cfo{x?af6 /lrPsf] if8o+q x'g ;S5 . h:tf] l;bfxfnfO{ -l;bfy{ xf]Og_ b]z lgsfnf
ug{sf] lglDt lrPsf] lyof] . lxGb' cfo{x?n] cyjf afx'g 5]qLx?åf/f lnlvt / Jofks
k|;fl/t k':ts xf]Ù dxfef/t /fdfo0f klg . oL sfNklgs pkGof;df klg oxfFsf -ef/t
g]kfn_ d"naf;L d+uf]nx?nfO{ km+;fpg], gi6 ug]{TofbL if8o+qn] el/Psf] 5 .
h'g d"naf;Lx? a'4dfuL{ g} lyP / zlQmzfnLx? klg lyP . ;d|f6 czf]sn] /fhu4L
g} Tofu]/ a'4wd{ km}nfpg] 8lb|k|tL1f u/]kl5 Psflt/ a'4 wd{jnDjLx? Ps k|sf/n]
;+;f/ el/g} km}Nof] eg] csf]{ lt/ lxGb' cfo{x?n] a'4wd{jnDjL dfly
b'i6tfk"j{s Jojxf/ ug{ / cfˆg} 6'qm] /fHox? :yfkgf ug{ ;lhnf] eof] . czf]s
;d|f6 kl5 k'Ugk'u xhf/ jif{sf] Oltxf; g} 5}g . ef/tsf] dxfef/t ;g !@ ;o aif{
cl3 dfq n]lvPsf] xf] / dxfef/t /fdfog eGbf kl5 n]lvPsf] sfNklgs pkGof; xf] .
dxfef/tsf] dfgk|efdf d';ndfgx?sf] Ob'sf; -Oªufln;_ sf] pNn]v ul/Psf]n] g}
8f]sf]n] 5f]k]/ n'sfP h:tf] ePsf] 5 . k/Gt' æls/f+tx? d+uf]lnofsf et'jf x'gÆ
eg]/ n]Vg] -lxGb'/fi6« aif{ ! c+s / h'nfO{ cui6 !((!_ sfn] /fO{ -;+ejt p;sf]
k|kgf rfo{ ;l6{lkms]6 gsnL xf]Ù lsgeg] cfrfo{ :t/sf] ;+:s[t p;+df 5}g_ rflx+
a]b nfvf} aif{ k'/fgf]Ù dxfef/t /fdfo0f % xhf/ aif{ k'/fgf] eg]/ jsjf; u5{ .
p;sf dflns l/emfpg . lxGb' cfo{x? ssl;o;af6 v]lbP/ O/fg x'Fb} at{dfg ef/t k;]sf
# xhf/ % ;o aif{ / jt{dfg g]kfn k;]sf k'Ugk'u % ;o aif{ dfq x'Fb}5 . sfn]
/fO{nfO{ ;Dej+t xhf/ / nfvsf] ulGtg} yfxf
5}g . x'g t ak'/f]n] cghfg ;dfhdf o:tf] km6fxf s'/f gug]{ eP olQsf] pRr kb
sxfFkf] lbGy] / afx'g 5]qLx?n] . To;/L 96'jf/] eP/ afFRg] x'gfn] g} grfpg
TofxfF nluPsf] xf] . t/ sfn] /fO{n] 5]qL agfP/ hg} xflnlbPsf w/fgsf ;fgf l76fx?
a8]/ a'em] kl5 hg} r'8fP/ afa' rflx+sf] sfvdf km]lslbP/ w/} 5f8]/ efu]sf] s'/f
klg af;L ePsf] 5}g eg] sfn] /fO{ h:tfx? rf}lj;} 306f lxGb' dlGb/df ljtfpg] u/]/
;kgfdf klg lxGb' b]jb]jLsf] lxGb' eujgx?sf] gfd hKg] u/] klg p afx'g 5]qLdf
kbf]Gglt x'g] xf]Og . p lxGb' ;dfhsf] hftL cyf{t afx'gsf] k}tfnf xf] . of]
r]tgf/xLt ;dfh k'+8L ;+'u'/sf] cj:yfdf 5 h'g cfFvf lrdlrd ub}{ 3's 3's ub}{
kmf]xf]/df nl8/xG5 . logLx? cfk"mnfO{ dtjfnL eGgdf uj{ u5{g . o4kL logLx?
s;}n] db 5'Fb} g5'g] klg xf]nfg\ . jfx'g 5]qLdf r]tgfsf] ljsfz s]xL ?kdf ePsf]
5 . o;}sf/0f p dfbs kbfy{n] dft]/ n6\7 kb}{ lx8\g] ePtf klg cyjf 6'OSs k/]/ d'v
kmf]xf]/ gfnLdf hf]t]/ lgbfP klg cfkm"nfO{ slxNo} dtjfnL eGb}g . dtjfnL
eGg]x?sf] cfTdfan lgd5/f] ePs} sf/0f logLx?nfO{
/fhg}lts kf6L{ leq klg ltgsf dflns afx'g 5]qLx?n] Xofs'nf]n] bafP/ /fv]sf
x'G5gÙ rfx] p hlt ;'s} k8Gt] eP/ l8u|L em'08fPsf lsg gxf]; . cyjf cfˆgf] ;dfhdf
;f+8] x'g] hdsf]{ ug]{ lsg gxf];\ . ls/f+tL eGg] /fO{ lnDa'nfO{ t ljkLn] cfˆgf]
k':ts ;'lDgdfdf -/fO{x?sL ;[i6LsL dflnSgL_ æxfdL cfo{ ;Eof / ltdL ls/ftL c;EofÆ
eg]/ ls6fg ;fy} n]v]sf 5g\ . t/ klg s'g} /fO{ lnDa'n] To;sf] lj/f]w ug]{ hdsf]{
u/]g . o; sf/0f u/]g ls æp;nfO{ kf6L{af6 x6fO b]nfÆ ls eGg] 8/ . To:t} dfwj
g]kfn pkk|wfgd+qL 5+bf w/fgdf ls/f+tLx?sf] dlGb/ eTsfpg nufof] . t/ To; lj?4
s'g} klg /fO{ lnDa'n] lj/f]w u/]/ gf/f h'n'; u/]g aQmJo lgsfn]g, kf6L{ 5f8]g .
lsg ls p;nfO{ kf6L{af6 lgsflnlbg] 8/ . kf6L{ leq g} klg cfˆgf] hft efOn] u/]sf]
7"N7"n} ck/fw klg 5Dof x'G5 . cfFvf lrlDng] ul/G5 . of] ;a} afx'g
5]qLaf6 ul/g'sf] cy{ xf] /fhg}lts / cfly{s zlQm ltgLx? ;+u s]Gb|Lt
5 . clxGb' d"naf;Ln] ;xg'sf] cy{ ltgLx?sf] afa' afh]n] g} ;xb} cfPsfn]
;xg} kg]{ l:yltdf k'/fOPsf]n] ltgLx?n] slnn} pd]/b]lv afx'g 5]qLsf] cfFvf /
cg'xf/ x]g]{ cfF6 ug{ g;s]/ v'§f x]g]{ bf;tfn] h/f] uf8]sf]n] .
oL ;a} x'g' ug{' u/fpg'sf] h8 sf/0f xf] ef/taf6 cfot ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbaf6 uf]Ko ?kdf ;+rflnt afx'gafbL ;fdflhs Joj:yf (Brahminical Social Order) . of] Joj:yf sf}6'No, rfgSo lgtL z+s/ lbu ljho dg', :d[ltaf6 lgb]{lzt 5 / /fdfo0f dxfef/tn] klg cToGt 7"nf] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;lhNofpgsf] lglDt /fhg}lts ;Qf afu8f]/ ltgLx?sf] xftdf lglxt /flvPsf] 5 . dg'sf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfg';f/ afx'gn] cfk"m ;dfg cUnf] nl¶ af]Sg', 5]qLn] sf+w;Dd cUnf] / a}Zon] sd/ ;Dd prfOsf] nl¶ lnP/ lx+8] x'G5 . z'b|nfO{ nl¶ lnP/ lx+8g] clwsf/ lyPg . afx'gn] cfs:dLs
wg kfP cfkm} dfq /fVg'Ù
5]qLn] e]6]sf] v08df afx'g / 5]qLn] afF8\g', a}Zon] kfPsf] v08df Ps efu cfk"m;+u
/fv]/ tLg efu afx'g 5]qLnfO{ afFl6lbg' . lsGt' z'b|n] cfs:dLs wg kfPsf] v08df
;a} g} afx'g 5]qLnfO{ ;f]lDklbg' . z'b|n] k8] lha|f] sfl6lbg' / d+q k8]sf]
;'Gof] eg] sfgdf l;;f kufn]/ xflnlbg' eGg] 5 . blIf0f ef/tdf g}of/ eGg] Pp6f
;d'bfo 5 . ltgLx?n] lx+8\bf sd/df klR5nlt/ emf8' e'm08fP/ / l3r|f]df ;fgf]
df6f]sf] xf+8L e'm08fP/ lx8\g' k5{ . sf/0f xf] ltgLx?n] y'Sg' k/] ToxL xf8Ldf
y'Sg] ug{' / cfk"m lx+8]sf] kfOnf] TofxL emf8'n] a8fb}{ kfOnf] d]6fpg' k5{
. tf ls g}of/x?sf] y's ;'s]/ xfjfn] p8fP kl5 afx'g 5]qLsf] z/L/df gk/f]; /
g}of/ n] 6]]s]sf] kfOnf]df e'mlsP/ afx'g 5]qLn] 6]Sg gk'uf]; tf ls afx'g 5]qL
ckljq gxf];\ . sf7df08"df Pp6f g]jf/ hdft 5 h;n] g}of/af6 g]jf/ ePsf]
eGg'df uj{ u5{ . jf:tljQmf rflx+ xf] logLx?nfO{ j[l6zx?n] egf{ glnPsf] sf/0f .
logLx? a'4dfuL{ ePsfn] n8fO{ gug]{ ;d'bfo x'g eg]/ c+u|]hLdf elgof] g]jf/ .
cyf{t Nay = gf] war = n8fO+ (Nay war
= no war) ef/tsf]
sltko ufpF 7fpFdf blntx?n] ljx] ug{ cl3 ljx] ul/g] s]6Lx?n] s]xL /ft afx'g
o'jsx? ;+u PsfGtdf ljtfpg' k5{ . ta dfq cfˆgf] x'g]jfnf nf]Ug] ;+u ljx] ug{
;S5] . afx'gx?n] eGg] u/]sf] /fd /fHo eg]sf] b'i6 lxGb' cfo{g
/fHo xf] . ;De's cgfo{ ef/tLo d'naf;L d+uf]nnfO{ dfg{ kbf{ æ;De"sn] tk
u/]/ afx'gsf] 5f]/f] d/of]Æ eg]/ /fdnfO{ r'SnL nufof] . /fd lxGb' cfo{
n07" uof] . ;De'snfO{ cfFvf lrDn]/ tk ul//x]sf ;dodf lu8L lbof] . of]
lxGb' cfo{ afx'gx?sf] d"naf;L ;De's d/fpg] To:t} r'lSn lyof] h:tf] ls
qmfOi6nfO{ d/fpgsf] lglDt /f]dsf k'/f]lxtx?n] qmfOi6n] lqmlZrog wd{ km}nfP/
/f]ddf cfuf] nfu]sf] r'SnL ;d|f6nfO{ nufPsf lyP . qmfOi6n] a'4s} l;bfGt km}nfpg
yfn]sf lyP . Tof] lyof] :jt+qtf, ;dfgtf / eft[Tj . of] l;bfGtn] ;d|f6 /
k'/f]lxtnfO{ gf]S;fg k'uYof] . ;xL cy{df qmfOi6 a'lbi6 lyP . qmfOi6
cn]shfl08«of, OlhK6df ^ aif]{ pd]/df g} leIf' ePsf lyP . pgsf] a'lbi6 gfd gfuxfdflb
lyof] . qmfOi6sf] d[To' kl5 pgs} lzio ;]06 knn] k'/fgf] wdkb jfOjndf ljs[lt
NofP/ gofF jfOjn k|:t't u/of] . Pstfsf a'4 wd{ Plzof, o'/f]k, clk|msf ;a}lt/
km}n]sf] lyof] . a'4 kysf] cke+|; a'8f k]i6 xf] . dSsf df j'4sfgf 5 . j[l6z
n]vsx? / vf]hstf{ Pne/ cf/ u|'d/ / xf]nu/ lqm;6]gn] klg cfˆgf] k':ts b
cf]l/lhgn h];;df k|df0fLt u/]sf 5g\ h'g !((& df k|sflzt ePsf] k':tsdf .
/fj0fsL alxgL ;'kg{vfF :jf:gL dfG5] dfly xft kft ug]{ klg lxGb' cfo{
/fd g} xf] . /fdn] ;'kg{vf+nfO{ anfTsf/ ug{ vf]Hbf gdfg] kl5 sf+8n] gfs}
sfl6lbof] . TofxL l;sf] u/]/ lxGb' ;fd|fHoafbL k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxfn] lslt{k'/]
g]jf/ / vDa'afgsf s] s]6f s]6L s] a'9f a'9L ;a}sf] gfs sfg sf6L lbP . clkt' cfh
ltg} v'Da'x?n] lhNnfdf / ;+;bdf ;b:of r'Gbf afx'g 5]qL g} r'G5g\ . of] eGbf
b'i6 sfd s] x'g ;S5 < Oltxf;sf/ afx'gx?n] rfs/L, rfkn';Lsf] r/d l;dfdf k'u]/
n]lvlbP æPlss/0f / Pstfsf k|tLs k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxf .Æ
ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg] l;tf lju]|sL
cfOdfO xf], h;n] h+unL hLjgdf g t /fd|f] vfg kfp+yL g t nufpg'g} . /fj0f k|sf08
la4jfg x'g . bz JolQmsf] lubL Pp6} JolQmdf ePsf, ;xf;L / k/fqmdL dfq xf]Og
cToGt bofn' wgL k'ik ladfg ;Dd ePsf a'4dfuL{ d+uf]n ;d|f6 . pgsf] k/fqmd / pgL
h:tf t]h:jL k'?ifsf] gfd ;'Gbf l;tf cfslif{t x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . l;tfsf]
rfxgfg';f/ g} l;tfsf] g}ltQmf hfFRg /fj0f cfˆgf] hxfh jf x]lnsf]k6/df -k'ik
ladfgdf_ r8]/ TofxfF k'u] . /fj0f l;tfsf+ k'Ug] yfxf kfP/ g} /fd nIfd0fn] To;
lbg s'6L 5f8\g' rfx]sf lyPgg\ . t/ l;tfsf] c;fWo srsr / l9kLsf] sf/0f /fd
;'gsf] d[u dfg{ lx+8] . h+undf rg]{ d[u klg ;'g wft'sf] x'G5 < d[u klg ;'gsf]
/] . ;+w} t bfh" efO ;+u} aflxl/g] uy]{Ù Tof] lbg rflx+ /fdn] l;tfsf]
rf}lsbf/L ug{ nIfd0fnfO{ s'6Ldf g} lsg 5f8] < l;tf rflx+ PsnL eP/ h+unsf]
s'6Ldf /fj0fnfO{ df}sf lbg rfxGyL . /fdn] nIfd0fnfO{ 3fFl6sf] xf8 :j?k
rf}lsbf/L ug{ 5fl8 lbPkl5 l;tf 56k6fO{ / l/;n] d'/d'l/b} nIfd0fnfO{ eP gePsf]
s'/fn] ufnL ug{ yfn] kl5 / srsr ;xg g;s]/ nIfd0f s'6L 5f8g t jfWo eP g} t/
;+3f/df l;df /]vf sf]/]/ . /fj0fsf] pkl:ylt b]v]/ l;tf cToGt xlif{t eOg .
/fj0fn] l;tfsf] rl/q hfFRgsf] lglDt nIfd0f /]vf cyf{t l;df /]vf gf3]/ aflx/
cfpg] cfu|x ubf{ /fj0f ;+u cToGt df]lxt eO;s]sL l;tf nks} eP/ nIfd0fn] sf]/]sf]
;+3f/sf] l;df /]vf gfUb} /fj0f;+u 6fFl;g k'uL .
/fj0fn] w}o{ wf/0f u/]/ s'g} k|sf/sf] b'isd{ gu/L n+sf k'/fP . TofxfF klg s'g}
k|sf/sf] clgi6 x'g glbg'sf] lglDt :jf:gL dflg;x?sf] /]vb]vdf /fv] . rfx]sf eP
/fj0fn] /fgL agfpg klg ;Sy] . t/ /fj0fn] cfˆgf] g}lQmtfnfO{ 8Udufpg lbPg .
o;}af6 yfxf x'G5 j'lbi6 d+uf]nsf] dxfgtf / lxGb' cfo{ l;tfsf] gUg rl/q . t/ klg
/fj0fnfO{ bf]iofpg] < s:tf] Gofo xf] cfo{gx?sf] < s[i0f sf] x'g <
lxGb' cfo{sf k'HogLo eujg . p;sf] dxfg / k'HogLo
rl/q s:tf] lyof] < :jf:gL dfG5]x?nfO{ g+ufP/ /dfOnf] ug]{Ù rf]/]/ vfg]
xhf/f}+ xhf/nfO{ :jf:gL agfP/ df]h ug]{ ef]u ug]{ nf]Ug]nfO{ df/L ljwjfnfO{
:jf:gL /fVg] . lxGb'x?sf eujg g} o:tf 5g eg] lxGb' :jf:gL dfG5]x?n] ænf]Ug]n]
jx' ljjfxf u/of]Æ eg]/ s'g y't'gf]n] eGg] < o:tf] ug]{ cyf{t s[i0f rl/q ePsf
k'?ifx?n] g}lts xf/f / cGofo u/]sf] 7x5{ eg] s[i0fsf] k'hf ug{Ù xf]nL v]Ng,
;Def]usf gUg lrqx? ePsf dlGb/x?df hfg / k'hf ug{ 5fl8lbg' k5{ gq eg]==== . gq eg]===
. /fd / l;tfnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] lbbL efO{sf] ljx] ePs]f 7xl/G5 . l;tf /fd eGbf
xhf/f} aif{ h]7L b]lvG5] . lsg eg] /fds} j+zfjfnL cg';f/ a|Dxf, dl/lr, sfZok,
ljjZjg x+'b} ^% lk8Ldf k5{ . l;tfsf] j+zfjnL ;+u bf+Hbf – a|Dxf, dl/lr, sfZofk,
ljjZjg x'Fb} @( lk8Ldf k5]{ l;tf . of] j+zfjfnL bf+Hbf /fd / l;tf lbbL efO{ xf]
. t/ cg';'ofsf] nf]Ug] cflqsf]
j+zfjfnLg';f/–j|Dxf–e[u'–z'qm–sfJof–p;gf–clt–cg';'of x'+b} a|Dxfsf] ^) lk8Ldf
/fd @$ lk8Ldf l;tfsf] hGd x'G5 . o;df ^) df @$ 36fp+bf ^)–@$Ö#^ lk8L klxnf l;tfsf]
hGd ePs]f 5 . Pp6f lk8L sd;]sd ^) aif{sf] cfo'df jf+Rof] eg] klg l;tf ^)X#^Ö @ xhf/ ! ;o ^) ;f7L aif{ klxn] hGd]sL lyO . b'O xhf/ Ps
;o ;f7L aif{ sfG5f] efO /fd ;+u p;sf] ljx] x'G5 < s] of] kfun kg xf]Og <
t/ klg o:tf km6fxf dg u8Gt] k':tsn] xhf/f}+ aif{b]lv xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{ nyfln+u
eQfe'+u kfl/lbof] . xhf/f}+ aif{b]lv cfh;Dd To:t} km6fxf s'/fdf cNdnfO{ /fv]sf]
5 . xhf/f} aif{sf] k'/fgf] yf]q] xlQof/n] g} xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{ tx nufO /x]sf] 5 .
lsg ls /fhg}lts ;Qf ltgLx?sf] xftdf ePsf]n] ltgLx?sf] cfly{s klg ;'§8 agfPsf
5g\ . oL lxGb' cfo{x?n] kz' em} 8f]xf]/fO{ /x]sf 5g\ . xfd}| k8Gt]x?nfO{ klg .
ltgLx? k8Gt] x'g a'l4 lhjL rflx+ xf]Ogg\ . o;} sf/0f /fdsf] lk8LnfO{ a|Dxfs}
lk8Lb]lv uGg] xf] eg] klg dgkl/ n]lvPsf] kfp+5f}+ . h:t} /fdfo0fdf #( lk8L,
a|Dxf k'/f0f d'tfljs %^ lk8L, lzj k'/f0f cg';f/ ^* lk8L, xl/j+z k'/f0fsf]
egfOg';f/ %^, >Ldb efujtsf] d'tfljs ^& lk8L n]lvPsf] 5 eg] s'g rflx+
ukmf8Lsf] kl5 nfu]/ v}r8L ahfpg' x'G5 < tj b'O c8fO xhf/ aif{ cl3 hGd]sL
lbbL :jf:gLnfO{ /fj0fn] nlulbof] eg]/ n8fO s;/L x'G5 < nIfd0f t bf;L k'q xf]
. o;sf/0f sdf/fn] dflnssf] ;]jf t :jfdL eQm eP/ klg ug}{ kYof]{ . /fdnfO{ dfof
u/]/ xf]Og . hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/ Pp6f ef/tLo /fhs'df/n] agfO lbPsf] Ps ;o
aif{ klg ePsf] 5}g . s;/L l;tf g]kfnsL eO xfnL < l;tf nfjfl/;] cfOdfO xf] g
afa'sf] 6'+uf] g cfdfsf] . v]tdf kfOPsL xf] . xnf] hf]Tbf . of] ;a s]xL klg
xf]Og lxGb' cfo{x?sf] if8o+qsf] kf]sf] xf] . g]kfnnfO{ ef/ts} c+u agfpg] .
æef/t eg]sf] lxGb' cfo{ . lxGb' cfo{ eg]sf] ef/tÆ agfpg] egfpg] if8o+q] dxfhfn
dfq xf] . lxGb' cfo{x?sf] j'4 wd{jnDjL clxGb' d+uf]nx?nfO{ km+;fpg] ljvfn'
hfnf] klg xf] . dfs'/] hfnf] . o'4sf08 ;u{ !@$ cg';f/ ef/tLo d"naf;L
a'4dfuL{ d+uf]n /fj0fsf] xTof lxGb' cfo{
/fdaf6 u/]sf] b]vfOG5 . r}t dlxgfsf] cf}+;Ldf ljho bzdLdf . lbkfjnL rfxL
c;f]hdf lsg dgfOG5 < TofxL klg a|DxfsL 5f]/L / :jf:gL b'j} x'g] nIdLsf]
gfddf < of] s]xL klg xf]Og s]jn s] xf] eg] ;d|f6 czf]sn] Ozf k"j{ @^!
df pl8;fsf] slnË o'4 kZrft xltof/ Tofu]/ a'4 dfuL{ algg] k|0f ug{' . ef/tsf
;+ljwfg lgdf{tf h;n] ef/tnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If agfO lbP pg} 8S6/ led/fj cDj]8s/n]
ljho bzdL s} lbg !$ cS6f]j/ !(%^ df cfk"m hGdbf lxGb' elgPsf] ePtf klg
dbf{ a'l4i6 x'g] k|0f ub}{ af]wL ;Tj u|x0f u/L lxGb' cfo{x?n] c5't blnt agfPsf
;ft nfv blntnfO{ Ps} ;dodf a'4 dfuL{ agfpg' . afnldsLn] lxGb' cfo{ /fdsf]
xftaf6 a'4 dfuL{ clxGb' d+uf]n /fj0fsf] xTof r}tsf] s[i0f kIf cf}+;Lsf] lbg
u/fPsf] 5 . ljho bzdL rflx+ ^ dxLgf kl5 dgfpg] rng rlNtdf Nofpg] afx'gx?sf]
if8o+q rflx+ ;d|f6 czf]s / cDa]8s/nfO{ cf]em]ndf kfg{' l;jfj s]xL xf]Og . a'4
Tofu pbf/tfsf] ljZjs} lglDt k|sfz k'+h xf] eg] lxGb' cfo{x? lx+;|s k|j[ltsf] sfnf] k|tLs xf]
. g]kfndf cfh cfP/ klg 1fg]Gb|nfO{ 3+'8f 6]sfpg a'4s} zfGtL ;Gb]zn] cToGt k|efj
zfnL e"ldsf ;kmntf k"j{s v]Nof] eg] 1fg]Gb|sf] cft+ssf/L lx+;f
km}nfpg] lxGb' b]j, b]jL;+u an ljGtL dfUg] efsn ug]{ / ef]s r8fpg] ;gftgafbL
k/Dk/fn] klg 3'+8f 6]s]/ 1fg]Gb|sf] ;kgf, sNkgfnfO{ rSgfr'/ kfb}{ æp8fof]
atf;}n]=====Æ eg] h:t} eof] . xTof/f z+s/frfo{ / a'4 wd{sf ljgf;sf/L
z+s/frfo{sf] cfl;/afbn] klg arfpg ;s]g 1fg]Gb|nfO{ a'4sf] zfGtL ;Gb]zsf] cl3 .
o;/L xhf/f} xhf/ aif{b]lv ef/tdf / k'Ugk'u kfFr ;o aif{b]lv g]kfndf dfq xf]Og
lrg ltAatsf d+uf]n a'lbi6x?nfO{ s+Hofpg] / logLx?sf] a+zh g} gi6 ug]{
s"6lgtL, sk6 k"0f{ if8o+q ub}{ xfndf ef/t / g]kfndf ljleGg lxGb'
;+u7gx? vf]n]/ ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbn] s/f]8f} dfq xf]Og c/af} ?lkof aufP/ oxfFsf
d"naf;Lx?nfO{ t;f{pg] hdsf]{ ul//x]sf] ePtf klg ltgLx?sf] r'l/k'm/L
lb3f{o' rflx+ kSs} x'g] 5}g . oxfF ;fr} g} clxGb' a'lbi6, clxGb' l;s, clxGb'
d';ndfg / lqmlZrog Ps alglbPsf] v08df () s/f]8 lxGb' atfpg] km6fxf czf]s l;xnn]
lxGb' ;d|f6 agfpg] / egfpg]x?n] () s/f]8 lxGb' sxfF 5 < TofxL d'n'sdf nu]/
lsg /fVg ;Qm}gg 1fg]Gb|nfO{ / @)Ü lxGb' afx'g 5]qL ePsf] d'n's g]kfndf lsg
5f8]sf 5g\ < s] of] vqf xf]Og / < d'7Le/ lxGb' ;]gfsf] r'/L k'm/L eg]sf]
lstnLsf] pDnbf] afkmn] æcfsfz 9fS5'Æ eGg] x'+sf/ / bDe xf] . æof] b]z g]kfn cNk
;+Vofs ljb]zL lxGb'sf] xf]Og xfdL clxGb' d'naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] xf]Æ eg]/ /fd|/L
a'emg' k5{ ;do 5+b} . æwd{ lg/k]Ifn] cNk ;+Vofs lxGb'sf] klg ;'/Iff u5{Æ eGg]
vf+l§ / uf+7L s'/f a'emg' k5{ . oL
/fhfafbL–/fi6«b|f]xL–lxGb'/fi6«sf] rfxgf c/fi6«efjgf lab]zLsf] ;kgf af]s]sf
b'i6 k|latL ePsf k};fsf] t'h'sn] las[lt Nofpg]x? x'g\ . ef/tdf lj:tfl/t lxGb'
cfo{x? s} n'6fxf lgtL / æc? eGbf xfdL uf]/f cfo{x? -xfn sfnf eO ;s]sf afx'g
5]qL_ pRrtxsf xf}+ÙÆ ;a} g} xfd|f] c/g v6gdf rNg' k5{ 8f8' klgp xfd|} xftdf
x'g' k5{Ù xfdL g} ;Eo xf}Ù eGg] 5'b| k|a[lts} sf/0f u'?gfgsn] l;s wd{ hGdfP/
o:tfx?nfO{ d'vtf]8 hjfj lbP . lhGxf klxn] lxGb' s} z'b|df /flvPsf of]Uo k'?if
lyP . pgsf] gfd lhgfb efO kghf lyof] / s/frLsf Jofkf/Lsf 5f]/f lyP . afx'gx?sf]
n'6fxf / 5'b| k|a[lts} sf/0f d'vtf]8 hjfjlbgsf] lglDt O:nfd wd{ u|x0f u/]sf x'g
/ ef/tsf kxnf] k|wfg d+qL x'g] ;Dk"0f{ of]Uotf eP/ klg æklxnf] k|wfg d+qL
xfdL afx'g g} x'g' k5{Æ eGg] g]x?x?sf] afx'g hdftsf] l9kLs} sf/0f d'l:nd :yfg
-kfls:yfg_ hgDof]Ù ef/t 6'lqmof] . ef/tsf d"naf;L ljleGg wd{df kl/jt{g
ePtf klg / ljleGg efiff / ;+:s[ltdf x's]{sf ePtf klg d"n?kdf d"naf;L
d+uf]ng} x'g . g]kfn, lrg, ef/t d+uf]n j+zhsf] pTklt ynf] xf] . oL d+uf]nx?
o'/f]ksf ljleGg 7fpFdf n8fO lhTb} ;fd|fHo a8fpg] cleofgdf k'u]sf x'g . d"n
?kdf lhªu];vFn] -!!^@–!@@&_ cleofgs} ?kdf ;'?u/] . pgsf] d+uf]n gfd
t]d'lhgL lyof] / g]kfnnfO{ d+uf]n efiffdf u'kmfg} u'kmfsf] k|b]z elgG5 .
g]Öu'kmf, kfnÖ k|b]z . To; kl5 cf]UnO vF s'AnO vF klg afh] a/fh's} kfOnf]
cg';/0f u/]/ o'/f]k lt/ k'u]sf x'g . cf]UnOsf] ;]gf /l;of tkm{ a8]/ ef]Nufdf
sAhf hdfPsf lyP . s'AnO vFn] lrgdf a'4wd{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L a'4 wd{sf] ljsfzdf klg
;3fp k'/fP . 6sL{sf zfifs klg lhªu];vFs} gft]bf/ lyP logLx? ANofs;L -sfnf]
;d'b|_ af6 d+uf]nLo ;Dd km}n]sf lyP . lhªu]; vFsf] ;fd|fHosf] km}nfj6 kl;{ob]lv
j]lhª, ;fOj]l/ofb]lv l;Gw' ;Dd km}n]sf] lyof] . pgsf] ;fd|fHosf] Ps 5]pb]lv
csf]{ 5]p ;Dd k'Ug' 3f]8fsf] bf}8fOdf b'O aif{ nfUYof] . lhªu];vF !@@% ;Dddf
Plzof s} dflns alg;s]sf lyP . pgsf] pd]/ ^& aif{ k'Ubf lrgsf] ;fg;Ldf d[To'
eof] .
d"naf;L d+uf]nx? lxGb' xf]Ogg
. logLx? uf]/Ifs xf]Ogg, ufOsf] df;' vfg]x? x'g\ . of] ;To tYof dfly d}n] !(*%
df k|sflzt u/]sf] g]kfnL
/fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfO k':tsdf klg n]v]sf] 5' . d"naf;Lsf] cy{ xf] xfd|f]
pTklt g} jt{dfg lrg, ef/t g]kfndf ePsf] xf] . h;/L cfo{gx?sf] ssl;o; /
clk|msLx?sf] clk|msL d'n'sdf . g]kfnsf d"naf;L d+uf]nx?sf] k'Vof}{nLsf]
9'+ufsf] xltof/x? sf7df08"sf] a'8flgns07, gf]jn k/f;L, lta|Lsf]6,
tfKn]h'ªsf] xfªb]jfdf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . logLx? #)–#% xhf/ aif{b]lv lnP/ ! nfv @%
xhf/ aif{ k'/fgf 5g\ . lzjln+ssf] pTklt s/f]8f} aif{ eGbf cl3sf] xf] . s]xL
aif{ cl3 kfNkfsf] bf]efg / lqj]0fL dfemsf] ufpFsf] r6fgdf e]l6Psf] /fdfk]lyS;
dfG5]sf] bf+t t s/f]8f}+ aif{ k'/fgf] atfOPsf] 5 . of] bf+t ssl;o;af6 xfO6L
;fd|fHo jfbLx?sf] v]bfOdf k/]/ # xhf/ % ;o aif{ cl3 ef/tdf / k'Ugk'u % ;o aif{
cl3 d'uf]nsf] 8/n] g]kfn leq]sf lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLsf] k'vf{sf] xf]Og .
cflbaf;L eg]sf] st}af6 To;e"lddf leq]sf x'g\ . pTklt g} TofxL ePsf]
d"naf;L xf]Og . hf] ls xfdL clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] pTklt ynf] g}
oxL xf] eg] cflbjf;L jflx/af6 leq]sfx? x'g . h:tf] lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLsf] clt
z'b| -k}tfnf_ hftL hghftLx? klg aflx/af6 at{dfg g]kfndf /f0ffx? efUbf ltgLx?sf]
el/of sl/of eP/ leq]sf x'g g]kfndf . ef/tLo d"njf;Lx?nfO{ lxGb' cfo{
cfqmd0f sf/Lx?sf] cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]if0f / bf;tfaf6 d'Qm u/fpgsf] lglDt ef/tsf
a'l4lhjL ;xf;L b"/bzL{ dxfk'?ifx?n] cys / lgle{s kl/>d u/]sf / gofF
lk8Lx?n] To;nfO{ cfTdf;fy u|x0f u/]sfn] of] cleofg ljZjJofkL ?kdf km}n]/
uO/x]sf] 5 . To;df dnhn xfln/x]sf 5g\ . o; ;d'bfodf s] 8S6/, s] OlGhlgo/ s]
Jofkf/L, /fhltgL1 / cGo Joj;foL ;a} h'6]sf 5g\ . ef/tdf o:tf gfd lng /
>bfug{ nfossf k'?if dlxnfx? o; k|sf/n] b]lvPsf 5g\ – !_ nx'hL ;fnj] @_
Hof]lt/fjk'mn] #_ gf/fo0f nf]v08] $_
/fh;L{ zfx' %_ u'? rGb 7fs'/ ^_ led/fj cDa]8s/ &_ dfNsd PS; *_ /fdf;fdL (_
hf]u]Gb| gfy d08n !)_ cf/ Pn rGbfk'/L !!_ k+hfj /fj b]zd'v !@_ zxLb jL/;f d'08f
!#_ zxLb s'd/f eLd' !$_ zxLb pwd l;+x !%_ zxLb eut l;+x !^_ dxfTdf k|jL/ rGb|
ehb]j !&_ cGgf efp /f]7] !*_ dxf/fhf ;+u|fd zfxf !(_ /fhf z+s/ zfxf / @)_
tf+l8of leNnf . Pj+ /Ltn] dxLnfx? klg afx'gafb cyf{t lxGb'jfbsf] cfqmds /
if8o+qfTds lgtLsf] lj?4 86]/ nfu]sf 5g\ . h;df !_ lhhfpdf+ ;fx]j @_ /lhof
;'ntfgf #_ ;fljqL afO k'mn] $_ /dfjfO cDa]8s/ %_ /fgL b'uf{jtL
^_ clxNoafO xf]ns/ &_ cj+tLafO nf]wL *_ dxf/fgL tf/fjfO (_ lj/+ugf emnsf/L
afO / !)_ k'mng b]jLsf] gfd ;+emgf ug{ nfos 5g\ . k'mng b]jLn] t blntx?sf
zf]ifs b'i6x?nfO{ / cfk"mnfO{ anfTsf/ ug]{x?nfO{ abnf lngs} lglDt 8fs'
ag]/ xft xltof/ rnfpg l;s] . kl5 ufpF kms]{/ lt ;a} zf]ifs, ;fdGtL anfTsf/L
blnt lk8s afx'gx?nfO{ xTof u/]/ b]vfO lbPsL lyOg . o; afx]s blntsf] lglDtÙ
d';ndfg, lqmlZrog, d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] ;+3if{ k|lt / a'4wd{ k|lt cToGt
g} ;xf; b]vfP/ lgle{Qmf k"j{s snd rnfpg ;Sg] / afx'g 5]qLsf] if8o+qsf]
lj/f]wdf pe]/ af]Ng ;Sg] / n]Vg ;Sg] kqsf/ Pj+ n]vs x'g'x'G5Ù blnt Ejo;sf
;Dkfbs Pj+ k|sfzs le6L /fhz]v/ klg . of] ljZjJofkL ?kdf Voflt k|fKt c+u|]hL
kfIfLs klqsf xf] h'g klxnf gofF lbNnL / xfn j+unf]/af6 k|sflzt x'G5 .
/fhz]v/nfO{ klg blnt ;dy{s cfFl6 kqsf/ ePsfn] slxn] k|];dfly cfqmd0f ug]{Ù
slxn] kf;kf]6{ hkmt ul/lbg] / slxn] kf]6f, 6f8f cGtu{t kqm]/ h]ndf sf]rfl/lbg]
u{5g\ afx'g 5]qL k|zf;g /
/fhg}lts g]tfx?n] . g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt x'g g;s]sf d]/f ;a} h;f] n]v o;} c+u|]hL
kflIfs klqsfaf6 ;+;f/ e/sf kf7ssf+ k'U5 . () s/f]8sf] km6fxf ukm xf+Sg]
audk'm;] g]tf czf]s l;xnsf] la/f]w / l;bfxfnfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/Psf] d]/f] n]v
klg o;} c+u|]hL kflIfsaf6 kf7s ;dIf k'/fpg] sfd ePsf] lyof] . ha ls g]kfnsf
kqklqsfn] 5fk]g .
>LdtL OlGb/f ufGwLnfO{ xTof ug]{
l;s o'js zGt l;+x / a]G6f l;+x klg ufpFsf lxGb' cfo{ zf]ifs ;fdGtLx?af6 lkl8tx?
lyP . lxGb'afbaf6 zf]if0f d'Qm x'g'sf] lglDt l;s wd{ u|x0f u/]sf lyP . >LdtL
OlGb/f ufGwLåf/f l;sx?sf] wfld{s :j0f{ dlGb/ dfly ePsf] cfqmd0f ;xg g;s]/ g}
xTof u/]sf lyP . ;+of]uaz g]kfndf lxGb' cfo{x?sf] cTofrf/ / bf;tf ;x]/ a:g]
clxGb' d+uf]n d"naf;Lx?n] Ho"Hofgsf] dfof gu/L cl:tTjsf] lglDt xltof/
p7fPsf] 5}g . t/ To:tf] lbg gcfpnf eg]/ ls6fg ug{ klg s;}n] ;Qm}g . ef/tdf
ljh]kL -afx'g hftLo kf6L{_ n] g} r'gfj lht]/ cfPsf] eP lxGb'afbsf] rf}tkmL{
k|e'Tj hdfpg] / zf]lift, blnt, lkl8tx? k|ltsf] bdg cem lta| kf/]/ n}hfg] /
g]kfndf ljleGg lxGb' ;+3 / ;]gf vf]nL oxfFsf clxGb'x? k|ltsf] bdg lta| kf/]/
n}hfgsf] lglDt ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbnfO{ alnof] kf/]/ lxGb' ;]lG6d]G6 ltj| kf/]/
n}hfgsf] lglDt ;fd, bfd, b08, e]b ;a} c:q k|of]u ug{sf] lglDt s'g} s;/ afFsL
/fVg] lyPg . elgG5 afx'g hftLo kf6L{ -ljh]kL_ nfO{ lhtfpgsf] lglDt $) s/f]8 ef?
g]kfn af6 k7fOPsf] lyof] . km6fxfx?n] uf]w/f sf08, lbNnL sf08 h:tf] sf08x? /
afa/L dl:hb sf08, lqmlZrog kl/jf/nfO{ lhp+b} hnfP/ dfg]{ sf08, e|i6rf/ sf08df lta|tf
Nofpg klg /f}+ e/ 7fpF 5f8]\g . /fhg}lts zQf xftdf eP kl5 ;a} k|sf/sf] nufd
ltgLx?sf] xftdfg} x'G5 . ca o:tf] zf];s afx'g afbL dfs'/]hfnf] RofTgsf] lglDt
dfq xf]Og ljvfn' dfs'/fsf] y't'gf] lgdf]7g blIf0f ef/t lt/ afx'gafb
lj/f]wL gf/f, lkm:6'g / kf]:6l/ªx? dfq lgsfNg yfn]sf 5}gg . t/ /fj0fsf] k''hf
ug]{, d'lt{ agfP/ ho hosf/ ub}{ lx+8\g] / To;sf] lj/f]w ug]{nfO{ xf+s lbP/
lg:sg] ug{ klg nfu]sf 5g\ . gofF lbNnLdf ax'hg :jo+ ;]js ;+u7gsf] cfˆgf
;]gfx?nfO{ dfr{ u/fP/ d}bfgdf lgsfng] ul/G5 . lxGb' ;+u7gsf o'jfx? hfOnfu] n8\g
/ le8\gsf] lglDt . o;sf ;+rfns / k|d'vdf t]h l;+x x'g'x'G5 hf] cToGt lgle{Qmf
k"j{s s'/f ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;/L ef/tdf klg xhf/f} xhf/ aif{b]lv zf]lift,
lkl8t agfOPsf / k5f}6] kfl/Psfx? klg ca h'd{'/fP/ pl7 /x]sf 5g\ .
/fhg}lts r]tgzLn ag]/ kf/:k/Ls dg d'6fj eP klg a'4 wd{k|ltsf] sfddf / blnt
d'lQmsf] lglDt Ps h'6 x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ h'g z'e ;+s]t xf] . o:t} Pp6f blnt t/ pRr
lzIff k|fKt JolQmx?sf] lgDtf]df d aDa] k'u]sf] lyP . pgLx?n] dnfO{ gfu/k'/,
aNnf/k'/, rGb|k'/sf] ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts e]nfdfem pkl:yt u/fPsf lyP . aNnf/k'/df
rflx ToxfFsf d]o/n] gful/s clegGbgsf] cfof]hgf u/fPsL lyOg . d]o/ Pshgf blnt
8S6/ dlxnf lyOg . Pj+ /Ltn] k6gf l:yt cf/ Pn rGbfk'/Ln] cfˆgf] o'jf sfnb]lv
a[bfj:yf ;Dd -h;sf] Oxlnnf s]xL aif{ cl3 dfq z]ifeof]_ blntau{ / k5f}6fOPsf
au{sf] ;+o'Qm g]t[Tj ul//xg' ePsf] lyof] . TofxfF klg k|d'v cltly aQmfdf
lgDtfPsf lyP . o; k|sf/n] ef/tdf cDj]8s/ ldzgn] blnt ju{df / k5f}6fOPsf ju{df
r]tgf Nofpg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 / cDj]8s/sf] Voflt ljZjJofkL
?kdf km}nfPsf 5g\ . cDj]8s/sf] dfWodaf6 a'4wd{sf] ;Gb]z ljZje/ km}ng uPsf]
c;xgLo eP/ g} / dg{ cl3 cfk"m ;lxt ;ft nfv blntnfO{ Ps;fy a'4dfuL{ agfPsf]
sf/0fn] g} x'g;S5 pgsL afx'gL :jf:gLåf/f xTof ul/Psf] z+sf 5 . cDj]8s/ ld;g
;r]t / r]tgzLn aGb} uPsf] sf/0fn] g} dnfO{ cd]l/sf / a]nfotaf6 klg af]Ng] qmddf
lgDtfPsf lyP . k/Gt' g]kfndf k8] n]v]sf ePtf klg blntx? ltg} zf]lift lkl8t
agfpg] / k5f}6fP/ /fVg]x?nfO{ g} bofsf] leIff bfg dfu]/ afFRg] u5{g . blntsf]
gfddf blntnfO{ g} 7Ug] u5{g, Tofusf] efjgf ls+lrt 5}g . o;/L kfPsf] leIff bfg
lxGb' cfo{af6 k'/f rflx+ slxNo} x'+b}g . clwsf/df afFRg / arfp+g l;Sg' / ;Sg'
k5{ bofsf] levdf xf]Og
. lxGb' cfo{x?n] xfdLaf6 lng' dfq hfg]sf x'G5g\ lbg' xf]Og . o;} sf/0f t
xfdLnfO{ 3/jf/xLg e"ldxLg, sfd bfd ljxLg jgfP/ ltgLx? df]h dHhf u5{g, g]tf
aG5g, zf;g u5{g . xfdLnfO{{ 3/ hUuf gf]s/L ljxLg kf/]/ ;a{xf/f agfPsf 5g .
;a{xf/fsf] gf/fdf ltgLx? ;j{e/f ag]sf 5g\ . of] ltgLx?sf] k'Vof}{nL clwsf/ eP/
cfO/x]sf] 5 / klg xfdL clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nx?df / blnt au{sf] 3}+6f]df
3fd rflx+ slxNo} nfu]g\ . a? ædtjfnLÆ eg]/ pk|m] em}+ æblnt hghftLÆ eg]/
duGt] eP/ g} afFRgsf] lglDt km's{G5g . blntx? d'lQm vf]lh/x]sf 5g, hghftL blnt
jGg . cl:tTj s'g rl/sf] gfd xf] yfxf 5}g . a]Zok|la|ltsf] efjgf x'ls{Psf] 5
logLx?df . lgs} cl3 PskN6 ef/tdf afx'gx?n] c+u|]h zfifsnfO{ cfˆgf] k};f ;]gf
zQmLsf] wfs wDsL lbP kl5 c+u]|hx?n] ef/tsf d"naf;L dxf/ ;]gfnfO{
afx'gx?;+u n8\g k7fP . afx'gx?n] klg cfˆgf] hdft 7"nf] b]v]/ n8gsf] lglDt
tlD;P . ltgLx?;+u xft xltof/ klg k|;:t} ePsf]n] lg0ff{os n8fO n8\g] kSsf
u/] . hgj/L !, !*!* df ledf gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt sf]/] ufpF k'gf cxdbgu/
dfu{df leif0f o'4 ;'? eof] . dg'jfbL afx'g k]zj/fh tkm{ @% xhf/ ;]gf lyof], %
xhf/ 3f]8 ;jf/L klg lyof] . k/Gt' ef/tsf d"naf;L dxf/x? % ;ohgf / 3f]8fdf
# ;o hgf nufot kf+rhgf c+u|]h ckm;/ dfq lyP . afx'g /fhfsf] #) xhf/ ;]gfnfO{ *
;o dxf/ ;]gfn] tx nufO lbP . afx'gsf] /fHo ;+w}sf] lglDt ;dfKt ul/lbP . g]kfndf
!(%! df qmflGt u/]/ nl8lbP, dl/lbP lrtf}l8of /f0ffx?af6 !)$ aif{sf] zf;g ;Qf
vf];]/ lrtf}l8of zfxf j+zsf] xftdf ;f]lDklbP h:tf] dfq eof] . Pp6f hxflgof ;DbL
vnssf] af6 vf];]/csf]{ ;DbL vnsnfO{ df]h ug]{ zf];g / zf;g ug{ lbP h:tf] .
To:t} ef/tsf] !($& sf] :jt+qtf klg em08} $ ;o aif{ cl3 Jofkf/sf] lgx'+df
ef/t leq]sf uf]/f cfo{gx?sf] xftaf6 zf;g ;Qf vf];]/ xhf/f} aif{ klxnf n'6kf6
ub}{ ef/t leq]/ sfnf eO;s]sf ljb]zL cfo{gx?sf] xftdf zf;g zlQm ydfO lbP h:tf]
dfq eof] . TofxfFsf d"naf;Lx? k|ltsf] Jofjxf/df rflx+ lxGb' cfo{x?sf] s'g}
km/s cfPg . g t TofxfFsf ljeflht cj:yfdf k'/fOPsf d"naf;L k|ltsf] ljrf/df
g} s'g}
kl/jt{g cfof] . ;fdGtL cfo{g ;+:sf/df cf]t k|f]t ePsf cfo{gx?n] TofxfFsf
zf]lift, lkl8t, blnt / bl/b|df k'/fOPsf d"naf;Lx? k|lt ljleGg gf/f lnP/
cfPtf klg cfo{gsf] zf;g ;Qf / g]t[Tjsf] ljrf/ / Jojxf/df rflx+ afx'gafb g}
/lx/of] . lxGb'afbg} kmlqm/of] / To;}nfO{ z;Qm?kdf lta| kfl/of] . cfh afx'gafb
cyf{t lxGb'jfbsf] hs8 v:s+bf] l:yltdf 5 . of] cfwf ztfJbLsf] cGt/fndf TofxfFsf
d"naf;Lx? dfemaf6 ef/tnfO{ wd{
lg/k]If /fi6«agfpg] blnt g]tf 8S6/ led/fj cDj]8s/ h:tf ;xf;L, ljåfg,
b"/bzL{ / TofuL g]tfx?sf] ;dfhk|ltsf] Tofu / tk:ofsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
TofxfFsf d"naf;L blntx?df r]tgf / ;xf;sf] nx/ km}n]sf] 5 . lj:tf/f]
lj:tf/f] afx'gafb cyf{t lxGb'afbsf] zf;g ;Qfdf hjfx/ cfpg nfu]sf] 5Ù h;sf] c;/
g]kfndf klg k5{ g} / To;sf] ;+s]t c/fi6«tTjx?n] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6« agfpg' /
km]l/ wd{ lg/k]Ifdf kms{g' klg xf] . d}n] t uf]N8]g h'JnL aif{ eGbf a];L
;dob]lv g} æg]kfn PSnf] / cflv/L lxGb' /fi6« xf]Æ eg]/ af]Nb} / n]Vb} cfPsf]
xf] . /fd|} eof] wd{sf] gfddf / wd{lg/k]If agfpgsf] lglDt o'4 5]8\g k/]g /Qmkft
ePg . ef/tdf lxGb' zf;sx?n] /fhg}lts zf;g zlQm xftdf lnP/ lxGb' lj/f]wLx?nfO{ /
clxGb'x?nfO{ tx nufpgs} lglDt 6f8f kf]6f gNofPsf / cft+safbL sfg'gx? gNofPsf
klg xf]Ogg\ . t/ s]xL hf]/ rn]sf] 5}g . ofxfFsf afx'gafbL lxGb' zf;s /
ltgLx?sf] s's'/ eQ]mx? zf;g ;Qfdf /lx/x]sf] v08df / /fhg}lts zlQm / ;Qf
ltgLx?s} xftdf /x]sf] v08df g]kfndf klg TofxL l;sf] u/]/ xfdL dfly To;}sf] gsn
gug]{ s'/} 5}g . ef/tdf lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLs} babafsf] sf/0fn] g} ef/tsf
d"naf;Lx?nfO{ afx'g 5]qLn] p7g} glbg] l:yltdf k'/fO lbP/ $ xhf/ @ ;o y/df
ljeflht ug{ ;kmn ePsf
sf/0f / blnt leq g} æTof] eGbf d 7"nf] d]/f] eGbf To;sf] y/ ;fgf]Æ eg]/
k/:k/ h'emfO /xg] (Divide
and rule policy) lgtL
s} sf/0f afx'g 5]qL lxGb' cfo{gx?sf] lj/f]wdf ;do ;do a'nGb cfjfh dfq xf]Og
xltof/ klg p7]sf] 5 . Jofks ?kdf /x]sf blntx? o;}af6 d'lQm kfpgsf] lglDt sltko
l;s / Jofks dfqfdf d';ndfg klg eP . ef/t nf]stf+lqs cyjf u0ftf+lqs (republican) d'n's g} ePtf klg ljZj lxGb'
kl/ifb h:tf] ;+sL0f{ rGbg] / sGbg] ;fdk|bflostTjsf] ltj| ultljwL / hs8sf] sf/0f
TofxfF klxn] afx'g hftLo kf6L{ -lah]kL_ x?nfO{ ;sf{/df Nofpg] k|of; x'G5 . Tof]
sfdofa geP afx'gafbsf] d'7L eGbf aflx/ hfg g;Sg] JolQmnfO{ kb / k};fsf]
k|nf]egn] o;} lxGb'afbL /fhlgtL g]6js{ leq v]Ng] / :jfdLeQmnfO{ NofOG5 . Toltn]
tx nufpg g;s] e|i6rf/df km+;fO abgfd u/fpg], ;fdk|bfloQmfsf] gf/f -hjsL c;nL
;fdk|bflos ltg} afx'g 5]qL g} x'G5g\ . ltj| ?kdf lbP/ kv]6f sfl6lbg] b'h{g lgtL
ckgfOG5 . ;+rf/ 5]qdf klg afx'g 5]qLs} sAhf dHa't ePsf]n] k};fsf] gftf /
hftefOsf] gftfn] z;Qm e'ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ nf]st+q cyjf u0ft+q agfO
/fht+q k|hft+qnfO{ lgd{'n agfO ;s] kl5 klg oxfFsf d"naf;L 9'Ss eP/ a:g' x'Fb}g
. o4kL g]kfnsf d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]n cfh;Dd ;a} 5]qdf cr]tg cj:yfdf 5,
ljj]s / a'l4df w]/} kl5 . hlt l56f] /fFlsG5 Tolt g} l56f] lrl;G5 klg 8/n] .
nf]stf+lqs cyf{t u0ftf+lqs ef/t wd{ lg/k]If / k|fGtLo k|zf;lgs /x]sf] ePtf klg
s]Gb|df lxGb'x?sf] To;df klg afx'g 5]qLsf] hs8, lb3{ lhjL / z;Qm /x]sf] sf/0fn]
ef/tnfO{ klg Pp6f lxGb' hdftn] wd{ lg/k]If h/f]af6 g} pv]nL lxGb'/fi6« agfpg]
x/ k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;df ljZj lxGb' kl/ifb /f;; / o;sf ef/]e'/] ;+u7gÙ
h:t}
jh/+u ;]gf, lzj ;]gf h:tf ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbsf] v]tfnf, uf]7fnf g]kfndf yk
kz'klt ;]gfx? nflu k/]sf 5g . o; sfdsf] lglDt s]xL aif{ cl3 ljZj lxGb'
kl/ifbnfO{ c/af} 8f]n/ aflx/af6 cfPsf] 5 . To;}sf] s]xL s/f]8 /sd g]kfn leq] s}
sf/0f / lxGb' /fhfåf/f ;+/lIft ePs} sf/0f ph08afbL hdftn] g]kfnsf ljleGg e]udf
htftt} dlGb/x? agfP/ ?lkof krfpg] sfdx? dfq u/]sf lyPgg\ . t/ ph08afbL sGbg] /
rGbg] lxGb' hdftnfO{ xltof/ ;lxt tflnd klg lbg' yfn]sf lyP . lxGb' lj?4 kfOnf]
rfNg] / cfjfh p7fpg]x?sf] Oxlnnfg} z]if u/]/ d'vdf a'Rof] nufpgsf] lglDt .
ef/tdf lxGb' zfifsx? zlQm / zf;gdf k'u] kl5 ! nfv %)
xhf/ clxGb' l;sx?, $# xhf/ eGbf a];L sflZd/Lx? @ nfv eGbf a];L clxGb' gfufx?, !) xhf/ eGbf a];L c;dL, d}t]oL -dl0fk'/L_ dfl/;s]sf 5g .
cfh klg &) xhf/ eGbf a];L l;sx? 6f8f kf]6f sfg'g cg';f/ ljleGg h]ndf
;l8/x]sf atfOG5 .
nf]stf+lqs cyf{t u0ftf+lqs ef/tsf]
s]Gb|df / ls kf]i6x?df lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLsf] hs8 dha't eP s} sf/0f !%Ü dfq
afx'g 5]qLsf] hg ;+Vof ePsf] ef/tdf s;/L ToxfFsf *%Ü sf] x/5]qsf] k|fKt
;'ljwfnfO{ k|rf/ / gf/fdf dfq l;ldt /flvPsf] 5Ù Tof] oL tnsf cf+s8fn] 5n+{u
kf5{ . Toltdfq xf]Og xfn ef/tdf 8S6/sf] lglDt cf/If0f ug]{ elgPsf] l;6sf]
lj/f]wdf s;/L x8tfn h'n'; u/fO /x]sf 5g\ < To;af6 klg g]kfnsf d"naf;Lx?
blnt hghftLx?sf] 3}6f]df 3fd nfUg' cfjZos 5 . klxnf] zq' t /fht+q / lxGb' /fi6«
g} xf] . To;sf] h/f] pv]lnP kl5 lxGb'afb cfo{afbsf] ztfJbLcf} k'/fgf] hs8 /
;+:sf/ . sGbg] / rGbg]x?sf] if8o+q kb / k};f g]t[Tjsf] bDe t 5+b}g}5 . To;
afx]s ;+:sf/ut?ksf] ;+ls0f{tfsf] /fhg}lts ;]/f]km]/f] csf]{ h8 /f]u xf] .
clnstf klg /fhg}lts r]tgf ePsf] v08df ef/t t 6f8f]sf] s'/f eof] g]kfn s}
/fhg}lts py'n k'y'n / To;af6 lg:s]sf lg:sif{x?nfO{ ulxl/P/ cWoog u/] x'G5 .
g]kfndf lxGb' /fhf eP s} sf/0f dWo] Pp6f sf/0fn] ubf{ / /f0ffsL 5f]/Lsf] kml/of
gftfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;"o{ axfb"/ yfkf h:tf 5]qL / /fhfsf u'? >L ^
sf sf/0f lslt{lgwL lji6 k+rfotsfndf lglj{sNk h:t} k|wfg d+qL eO/x], h;n] t:s/L
e|i6rf/ gftfafb, s[kfafb, kml/ofafbnfO{ r/d l;dfdf
k'/fpg s'g} s;/ afFsL /fv]gg\ eg] To;}sf k[i6 kf]ifs dfq x'g t'N;L
lu/L . g]kfndf nf]s cfGbf]ngn] NofPsf] ax'bn klg Psblnof lg/+s';, tfgfzfxf
k+rfot k'm6]/ ax'blnof lg/+s'; tfgfzfxf k+rfot h:tf] dfq ePsf] 5 . o; kN6sf]
ljzfn cfGbf]ng h;df xhf/f}+ xhf/ 3fOt] eP, bh{gf} bh{gn] k|f0f u'dfP, c+u e+u
eP . nf]st+q / u0ft+qsf] rfxfgfn] / gf/fn] kxf8 kv]/f u'+Hof], gbL gfnf pn]{/
cfof], tadfq g]tfx? slg slg ˆofp/f em} s/fP . t/ xflQ cfof] xflQ cfof] k'm:; g}
eof] . Pp6f tfgfzfxL / cfGbf]ngnfO{ bjfpg s'g} klg s;/ afFsL g/fVg]
Og]lug]sfx?nfO{ 3f]qm] 7ofs nufOof] eg] To:t} cfGbf]ng bafpg s'g} klg s;/ afFsL
g/fVg] csf]{ kIf cfkmGt / gftfuf]tfnfO{ kbf]Gglt ul/P . km/s s] k/of] / <
1fg]Gb| ca t+u|g] ;'/;f/df 5 / Tof] ;Dej klg 5 . luhf{n] ls6]/ g} 1fg]Gb|nfO{
6fpsf]df /fVg] k|:tfj NofP eg] c? kf6L{sf pxL nfnrL :jfyL{ g]tfx?n] df}g
:jLs[lt lbg] ;+s]t lbO/x]sf 5g . k|hft+q zJbnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg yfn] . cfGbf]ngdf
luhf{sf] / z'lzn sf]O/fnfsf] g t s'g} gftf uf]tf d/] g t sf]O/fnf y/g} . Pj+
/Ltn] g z]/ axfb"/ b]pjfsf] g t dfwj g]kfnsf] . o;} sf/0f s] sf] xftdf s]
eg] h:t} eof] . ca ;dfj]zL k|hft+q cyf{t /}ltt+q / bf;t+qnfO{ c6n / crn /fVg
rfxg]x?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]/ nf]st+q / u0ft+qnfO{ (republican) v;L kfg]{ sfd ;'? eof] . nf]st+q u0ft+qdf s;/L cfp+5
/fht+q / k|hft+q < k|hft+q / /}ltt+q TofxL x'G5 hxfF /fht+q /xG5 . o;}sf/0f
ca lz/ dfly 1fg]Gb| /fhfnfO{ /fVg]df k'u] oL bnx? . g]kfndf Pp6f z;Qm cfGbf]ng
cyjf qmflGtsf] cfjZoQmf 5 h;n] /fh;+:yfnfO{ km]Sg ;sf]; . /fh ;+:yf c/fi6«Lo
tTj x'g, h;n] ljb]zL lxGb'afb x'n]/ lxGb' /fi6« 3f]if0ff u/L oxfFsf
d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nnfO{ cfˆg} d'n'sdf z/0ffyL{ agfP . ælxGb'/fi6«sf]
rfxfgf c/fi6«tTjsf] efjgf, lxGb' /fi6« / /fhf dfGb}gf} c? s'/f hfGb}gf} . wd{
lg/k]If x'g} k5{ gq /utsf] vf]nf] aU5 .Æ eg]/ hf]/bf/ cfjfh p7fpg] d"naf;L
d+uf]nnfO{ /fh;+:yf
/fVg] lg0f{odf k'u]sf luhf{ k|;fb sf]O/fnf / ;dy{s kf6L{x?sf] r'gf}lt klg xf] .
lxGb' /fhfsf ;dy{sx? klg Ps k|sf/n] c/fi6«tTj x'g . æoL lxGb' afx'g, 5]qL
g]tfx?nfO{ lxGb' /fhf / >L % kb t rflxP s} /x]5g\ /
/fi6«nfO{ s+ufn agfpg] dt df t /fhf / oL g]tfx? Ps dt /x]5g\Æ eGg] 7f]; k|df0f
klg xf] of] . o;sf/0f ;a{:j n'l6P/ ;j{xf/f agfOPsf d"naf;L d+uf]nn] /
cfˆg} d'n'sdf z/0ffyL{ agfOPsf clxGb' d+uf]nn] of] r'gf}ltk"0f{ 38LnfO{
uDeL/tf k"j{s ;f]Rg} k5{Ù cfˆgf efjL lk8Lsf] pHjn / ;'/lIft eljiosf] lglDt
. xfdLn] s;n] s] eG5 df xf]Og s;n] s] ub}{ 5 To;df ljZjfif ug'{ k5{ .
xhf/f} xhf/ aif{b]lv a'4nfO{ / a'4
wd{jnDjLx?nfO{ gf:b} / df:b} cfPsf cfo{ afx'g 5]qLsf] ;f+7 uf+7 dxTjk"0f{
ePg/ ltgLx?sf] lglDt < nf]st+q / u0ft+q rfxg] / To;sf] lglDt k|f0f lbg] /
/ut aufpg]x?sf] d"No s] eof] < o;/L xhf/f} xhf/ aif{b]lv ef/tdf /
ztfAbLcf}+ ztfJbLb]lv g]kfndf cleog rnfOPsf] a'4wd{ / a'4dfuL{ clxGb'
d"naf;L d+uf]nsf ljgf;sx?nfO{ lsgf/f nufP/ 5f8\g' g} k5{ . ælogLx?sf]
g]t[Tj / o; ;+:sf/df x's]{sfx?af6 xfd|f] lxt / sNof0f g lxhf] eof] g cfh ePsf]
5 g ef]nL g} x'G5Æ eGg] tYof / ;To casf] lk8L / cfufdL lk8Ln] a'e\mg' k5{ .
logLx?n] xfdL d"naf;Lsf] ktgdfg} cfˆgf] pTyfg b]V5g . logLx? dfgjafbL x'g}
;Qm}gg\ dg'afbL rflx+ x'G5g . k+rfot Joj:yfnO{ ck|hftf+lqs / tfgfzfxL b]Vg]n]
zlQm k|fKt u/]kl5 xflQ 5fk rKkn b]Vg yflnxfn] . ef/tdf lxGb' cfo{ g]t[Tjsf]
zf]if0f bdg s;/L lta| kfl/Psf] 5 / TofxL afx'gafbL ;fdflhs Aoj:yf (Brahminical Social Order) g]kfndf s;/L P8; h:tf] km}n]sf] 5
/ logLx?sf] qmflGtsf/L gf/f s;/L gf/fdf dfq l;ldt /xg] u5{ / Jofjxf/df 7Ls
ljkl/t x'g] u5{ Tof] g]kfnsf] krkGg aif{sf] Oltxf;n] / ef/tsf] pg;7L aif{sf]
Oltxf;n] 5n{ufPsf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ s]jn dflns abng' xf]Og /fhg}lts, cfly{s,
wfld{s, z}lIfs ;fdflhs 9f+rf abng' 5 . k+rfot sfndf n'lDagLsf gf]ank/f;L,
lqj]0fL, ;':tf, kSnLxjf, g/;xL, k|tfkk'/, ?b|k'/, lkk/ ofd, x/g}of, c;g}of,
agsl/of Toflb 7fpFx?df e"ld ljt/0fsf] sfo{qmd NofOof] . TofxfF ;a} h;f] afx'g
5]qLx?n] $ b]lv ^ lj3f hUuf kfP eg] c?n] dfq Psb]lv 8]8 ljufxf pkhgL g x'g]
7fpF kfP .
lj/f6gu/sfl/hfn kl/jf/sf] slt lj3f e"ld lyof] / e"ld ;'wf/ af6 slt
lj3f e"ldafF6g] sfd eof] < s'g} yf?, sf]r]x?sf] e"ld vf]l;of]
xf]nf t/ Tof] x'g]sf]af6 vf]l;Psf] e"ld gx'g] yf? d]r], lwdfnx?df uPg .
Tof] e"ld gx'g] 5]qL afx'g s} df k'Uof] . xfdL s] kxf8 s] dw];sf d'naf;L
d+uf]nx?nfO{ ;a{e/faf6 ;j{xf/f agfpb} nluof] / lxGb' cfo{x? ;a{xf/faf6 ;j{e/f
algb} uP agfpFb} nluof] . log} ufpFnfO{ s+ufn agfpg]x? af6 ;x/ ahf/
/fhwfgL sAhf x'Fb} uof] xfd|f] ufpF 7fpF of]hgf j4 ?kdf cljsl;t g}
/flvof] . tkfO{x? emfkf, df]/ª / cfk"m a;]sf Onfsfx?df ulxl/P/ x]g{' eP
klg b]Vg ;Sg' x'G5 . t/ x]g{;Sg] 5dtf x'g'k5{ .
ef/tdf !($& df uf]/f cfo{gx?af6 /fhg}lts zf;g zlQm vf];LP/ sfnf eO ;s]sf lxGb' cfo{gx?sf] xftdf x:tfGt/0f eP kl5 TofxfFsf k5f}6fOPsf ju{ OBC (Other back ward class xf]Og other than bahun chetri xf] . blntx?nfO{ klg nx} nx}df e'nfO{ /fv]sf 5g\ TofxfFsf lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qL zfifs au{n] s;/L e'msfPsf 5g, Tof] of] P]gfdf 5n{u 5 .
ef/tdf afx'g 5]qL !%Ü dfq 5 . afx'g
#=%Ü 5]qL !!=%Ü cf]lj;L %@Ü l;l8pn sfi6 !%Ü l;l8pn 6«fOj &=%Ü c? cNk ;+Vofs
!)=%Ü . kfPsf] clwsf/ cf]lj;Ln] ^=#^Ü afx'g 5]qLn] vf];]sf] $%=^$Ü . l;l8pn
sfi6n] kfPsf] 5 %=(@Ü vf]l;Psf] 5 (=)*Ü . l;l8pn 6«fOan] kfPsf] 5 @=$@Ü
vf]l;Psf] 5 %=)*Ü . c? cNk ;+Vofsn] kfPsf] 5 !=*)Ü vf]l;Psf] 5 *=&Ü . o;/L
!%Ü afx'g 5]qLn] ltgLx?sf] xftdf /fhg}lts zlQm ePsf] sf/0fn] / ltgLx? clt
:jfyL{ / ;fdk|bflos ePsfn] c?sf] hDd} xslxt ;a} g} vf]l;lbPsf 5g\ . afx'gx?
gf]s/Ldf *&Ü Jofkf/df (&Ü lzIffdf &*Ü 5g eg] ltgLx?sf] xftdf ($Ü
e"ld 5 . cfˆg} d'n'sdf c?nfO{ ltgLx?n] leIffsf] ?kdf bofn] km]lslbPsf]
vfP/ afFRg] agfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf klg h'g;'s} kf6L{ zlQmdf cfPsf] ePtf klg /
k'u]tf klg afx'g 5]qLsf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] kf6L{n] oxfFsf clxGb' d"naf;L
d+uf]n blnt hghftL / cGo c5't blnt, d';ndfg, lqmlZrognfO{ To;/L g} ltgLx?sf] xs
vf];]/ bofdf afFRg] agfO/fv]sf 5g\ / agfpg] 5g\ h;/L ef/tdf
u/]sf 5g\ . s;}nfO{ d+qLkb km]lslbg'sf] cy{ Tof] ;d'bfosf] ;d:o xn ug{' xf]Og .
k5f}6fOPsf] ;d'bfoaf6 OdfGbf/L :jfdLeQm s's'/ agfpg' dfq xf] . ef/tdf #=%
k|ltzt dfq afx'gx? ePtf klg ljleGg kbx?df afx'gx?nfO{ k'/fOP/ kb sAhf ug{ s;/L
nufOPsf] 5 < To;sf] gd'gf @^ j6f
/fHox?sf] d'Vof ;lrjdf !( afx'g &#Ü . # xhf/ # ;o cfOPP; clkm;/x? dWo] @
xhf/ # ;o &^ afx'g &@Ü . % ;o ;xf ;lrjx?df # ;o !) afx'g ^@Ü . $ ;o #*
l8l;P; dWo] @ ;o %) afx'g %&Ü . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf !^ GofowLzx? dWo] ( afx'g
%^Ü . (* efO; rfG;n/ dWo] %) afx'g %!Ü . ##) pRrGofonosf GofowLzx? dWo] !!^
afx'g %)Ü . @& ujg{/ dWo] !# afx'g $*Ü . !$) /fhb"tx? dWo] %* afx'g
$!Ü . %#) nf]s ;efsf ;b:o dWo] !() afx'g #^Ü . @$$ /fHo ljwfos dWo] *( afx'g
#&Ü . o;/L ef/tdf em} g]kfnsf] klg x/ 5]q afx'g 5]qLn]
sAhfhdfO ;s]sf 5g\ eg] ef/tsf d'naf;L /
g]kfnsf d'naf;Ln] Gofo kfpg] / clwsf/ kfpg] s'/f t o; k|sf/sf] /fhlgtL / cy{lgtLn]
cfsfzsf] kmn cfFvf t/L d/ dfq x'g]5 . h'g ;'s} kf6L{n] h:tf] ;'s} qmflGtsf]
gf/f lbP tf klg Tof] xflQsf] b]vfpg] bf/f h:tf] dfq xf] . rkfpg] bfFt t cs}{ 5
. Pdfn]sf log} g]tfx? xf]Ogg\ < h;n] cfˆgf g]tfx?sf] xTofsf] g t ;'Osf] kfP
g t ;'q kQf nufpg rfx], g;s] . zlQmdf k'u]/ e|i6rf/ ug{, cfkmGtx?nfO{ ps]nL
nufpg dfq tlNng /x] . bjf{/sf] 9f]sf wfpg] l/n]
/];df bf}8g] klg logLx?g} x'g æxfdL klg h+un k;f}+ <Æ eg]/ wDsLsf] efiff
af]Ng]x? klg log} x'g . ;+;bsf] !((! sf] r'gfjdf s+u|];df $$ hgf afx'g lyP eg]
Pdfn]sf] @# hgf u/]/ ^& hgf afx'gx? lyP . To;sf] b'O aif{ kl5 !((# sf]
r'gfjdf s+u|];n] b'Ohgf afx'g yk]/ $$ af6 $^ agfof] eg] Pdfn]n] @# hgfaf6
@& hgf yk]/ %) hgf agfP . cyf{t 8jn eGbf a8L . b'j}sf] ldnfP/ ^& af6 (^
k'/fP afx'gx? dfq . s+u|];sf klg ltg} g]tfx? xf]Ogg\ < h;n] !(*( sf] hg
cfGbf]ng bafpg e/ dUb"/ k|of; ug]{ dlns cfof]u u7g u/of] . t/ dlns
cfof]usf] l/kf]6nfO{ wf]tL nufO lbg] sfd u/] . a]g'k /fh k|;fO s+u|];af6
k+r eP, cfGbf]ng bafpg s'g} s;/ afFsL /fv]g dlns cfof]u l/kf]6{df gfd ls6fg
eof] . cfGbf]ng kmf;k'm; agfOof] . ax'bn cfof] luhf{ k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] æof] lht
k+rsf] klg xf]Æ eg]/ ;'o{ axfb"/ yfkf ;d]tnfO{ rf]vfP / k|wfg d+qL agfP .
a]g'k /fh k|;fO+nfO{ uf}d't 5s]{/ rf]vfP . k]ml/ s+u|];sf k|efj zfnL g]tf <
b]pjfsf] kf6L{n] t cfh klg cfk"mx?nfO{ k|hftf+lqs -/}tL, sdf/f_ elgg}
/x]sf 5g\ . kSsf /fhfafbL kf6L{ kz'klt / ;"o{axfb"/ yfkfnfO{ klg
Tolts} :jfut ul/of] hlt cfh /fhfnfO{ ug{ kl5 k/]sf 5}gg\ / /fhfnfO{ lbuf] /
zlQm zfnL agfpg] if8o++qsf] tfgf dfgf a'Gg yflnPsf] 5 . s] oxL afx'gafbL g]tf /
logLx?sf el/of, x?jf, r?jf g]tfx?af6 of] b]zsf] / oxfFsf d"naf;Lsf] pTyfg
x'g] s'/fdf ljZjfif ug]{ 7fpF 5 < ca ;fFr}sf] nf]st+q, u0ft+q (republican country) sf] lglDt xfdLn] sl;P/ cl3 a8\g'
kg]{ lbg cfPsf] 5 . afx'gx?n] g'xfpFbf eGg] u/]sf] æx/====== x/====== u+u]Æ
cyf{t u+uf gbLsf] gfd Pshgf u+uf gfd u/]sf Oyf]lkofsf sfnf xA;Lsf] gfdaf6
/flvPsf] xf] . u+uf Oyf]lkofsf sfnf af]/ of]4f lyP . p n8fO n8\b} / n8fO lhTb}
o;} gbL ;Dd cfP/ kms]{sf lyP . pg} u+ufsf] gfdaf6 u+ufgbLsf] gfdfs/0f eof] .
of]] ;ToftYof s'/f h]P /fh;{sf] lgu|f]x?sf] Ps;o crDd nfUbf] ;To 36gfx? gfds
k':tsdf kfOG5 . (100
Amazing facts about the Negro) h:tf] ls ef/tdf lxGbL zAb h:t} nfUg] sf]tjfnL zAb d+uf]n zAb xf] .
To:t} lxGb'x?sf] dfp zAb l;Gw' gbLaf6 ePsf] xf] / of] kl;{og lha|f]af6 hGd]sf]
xf] . of] lxGb' zAbsf] hGd kl;{og Oltxf;sf/ cna]?gLaf6 !)#) df hgDof] . k/Gt'
lxGb'x? ef/tdf gbL rflx -l;Gw'gbL_ kfls:yfgdf . dg':d[lg';f/ ;]gf tyf ;sf{/sf
;jf]{Rr kb afx'gsf] lglDt xf] . /fhfn] afx'gnfO{ slxNo} klg d[To'b08 lbg;Qm}g .
p hlt ;'s}
ck/fwL lsg gxf]; . afx'gnfO{ /fVg' lbPsf] wg s;}n] gi6 ug{ ;Qm}g . To;} sf/0f
;a}n] cfˆgf] wg /fVg'sf] lglDt afx'gnfO{ g} lbg' k5{ . afx'g 5]qL ljgf / 5]qL
afx'g ljgf ;DkGg x'g ;Qm}g . o;sf/0f b'j} ;DkGg x'g'sf] lglDt b'j} ldn]/ cl3
a8\g' k5{ . tf ls c? dfly bdg ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ . olb tNnf] txsfn] afx'g 5]qLn]
ug]{ Joj;fo u/]sf] kfOPsf] v08df /fhfn] p;sf] >L ;DklQ hkmt ug{' k5{ . dg'n]
df+;fxf/ clgjfo{ nfu'
u/]sf] lyof] . p;n] eg]sf] lyof] . æh;n] wfld{s ljlwdf lx:;f lnG5 t/ df;'
vfFb}g p d/] kl5 PsfO; hGd ;Dd hgfj/ aG5 .Æ df;' klg ufOsf] df;' vfg] kg]{ .
dg' eG5 æof] ;+;f/ e/Lsf] ;Dklt ;a} afx'gsf] xf] . p;n] h;sf] h] lnP klg
rf]/]sf], n'6]sf] 7xl/Gg . ;'b|nfO{ ;Dklt sdfpg] clwsf/ 5}g . ;'b|n] ;Dklt
sdfof] eg] afx'gnfO{ lk/f]N5 . o;sf/0f ;'b|nfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf wg sdfpg lbg'
x'Fb}g . ;'b|n] wg ;Dklt hf]8\of] eg] afx'gnfO{ lk8f x'G5 . ;'b|nfO{ hj{/h:tL
l;Q}df sfd nufpg' afx'gsf] hGd l;4 clwsf/ xf] .Æ dg' eG5 – æc5'tx?nfO{ gfdaf6 /
/xg ;xg af6} em6} lrGg'sf] lglDt p;sf] gfd xLg efjy{ a'emfpg] x'g'k5{ . klx/g kmf]xf]/
x'g'k5{ . 3/ 6fOnsf] agfpg' lbg' x'b}g / 5fk|f]df a:g' k5{ . logLx?nfO{
;'grfbL+sf] cfe'if0f hf]8g' g} lbg' x'+b}g . afx'g 5]qLsf] 3/df sfd u/] jfkt
afx'g 5]qLn] km]+s]sf] h'7f] eft vfg' kg]{ 5 .Æ dg' :d[ltdf eG5 – æ/fhfn] laxfg
p7] kl5 a]bdf bIf / /fhlgtLdf cg'ejL afx'gsf] k'hf ug'{ k5{ / p;}sf] ;Nnfxf
adf]lhd /fh ug'{ k5{ . /fhfnfO{ l/; p7] klg afx'gsf] ;Dklt dfly cfFvf uf8\g'
x'+b}g .Æ o;/L dg' lgtL – z+s/ lbu ljho lgtL sf}6No rfgSof lgtL h:tf km]b
g6'Kkfsf b]j b]jLsf] cfhf k'hf–xhf/f}+ cGwf ljZjfifn] lyr]/ /fVg] afx'gafbL
;+:s[ltdf x'sL{ a8L k8L afx'g 5]qLn] 9'+ufnfO{ b"b – dfG5]nfO{ d't v'jfpg]
;+:sf/df l5k' afx'g 5]qLn] hlt ;'s} ;'wf/sf] s'/f / qmflGtsf gf/fx? lbPtf klg
xfdLn] ef]Ub} cfPsf – xfd|f k'vf{x?nfO{ ;'s'daf;L agfPsf xfdL cfˆg} d'n'sdf
z/0ffyL{ / ;a{xf/f agfOPsf ;To tYo clnlvt Oltxf;x? k9\g' k8fpg' kg]{ a]nf
cfPsf] 5 . ltgLx?sf] egfO / u/fOdf Wofg lbg' Wofg lbg nufpg' cfjZos 5 . axsfpdf
axlsP/, pQ]lht eP/, Pp6f dflns jbn]/ csf]{ dflnssf] sdf/f] x'g' k'Ug' / Pp6f
vfN6f]af6 lg:s]/ csf]{ vfN6f]df hflsg'sf] s'g} cy{ / pknAbL x'+b}g . g]kfndf
ev{/} 36]sf 36gfx?nfO{ g} lgxfn]/
x]/]sf] v08df klg yfxf x'G5 . /fhf km]+s]/ nf]st+q / u0ft+q Nofpg] cfGbf]ngn]
b'O bh{g hltsf] Hofg uof] . xhf/f}+ xhf/ 3fOt] eof] . t/ rsf{ gf/f lbP/ ;lhn}
;Qf xft kf/]sf laz]if u/]/ luhf{ s+u]|;–b]pjf–Pdfn]nfO{ ;Qfk|fKt af+b/sf] xftdf
gl/jn g} eof] . luhf{ km]l/ /fhfsf] r/0fdf t'd ;/0fd uR5fdL x'g k'u] c?n] klg
To;}sf] l;sf] u/]/ 3'8f 6]Sg kl5 k/]gg . cflv/ TofxL ;+:sf/df x's]{sfx? g x'g .
ltgLx?sf] ;snL ?k pbfªlug yfnL xfNof] . dxLgf lbg gk'Ub} . dg gk/]sfnfO{
x'TofOof] . t/ To:t}
rl/q ePsf cfkmGtnfO{ leqfOof] . hgtfsf] /utsf] xf]nL v]Ngdf ls+lrt klg
lxlRsrfPgg\ . cg'xf/ km]l/of] jfgL Jofxf]/f TofxL+ . cflv/ ;}+s8f}+ jif{b]lv
uf}d'tn] kltof u/]/ rf]lvg] / rf]Vofpg] ;+:sf/ ut k/Dk/f g xf] . cflv/ oL
g]tfx? Ps blnof k+rfotaf6 5l/P/ ax'blno k+r ePsfx? dfq g x'g . luhf{n] lxhf]sf]
cfGbf]ng ;kmn kl5 æof] lht k+rsf] klg xf]Æ eg]/ ;fnf vfnf vfn xft kfg]{ sf]lzif
u/] sf]lzif ;kmn klg eof] cfh klg ;a}eGbf klxnf kz'klt zd;]/, ;"o{ axfb'/
yfkf / cfGbf]ng lj/f]wL / cfGbf]ng k|lt csdsfpg]x?g} cl3 k/] o:tf yf]q]
g]tfx?nfO{ km]+s]/ gofF ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] lglDt gofF larf/sf j}rfl/s qmflGt
ePsfx?nfO{ Nofpg] cfF6 lsg ub}{gg\ < lsg ls logLx? ef/tsf afx'gafbL ;fdflhs
Joj:yf (Brahminical
Social Order) af6 ;+rfln 5g\ . ljZj lxGb'
kl/ifbaf6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ . afWotfaz wd{ lg/k]If Nofpg' k/] tf klg lxGb' /fhfnfO{
/fVg} kg]{ eof] < ca g]kfnnfO{ csf]{ eLif0f cfGbf]ng cyjf qmflGt rflxPsf] 5
h;n] /fhf nufot yf]qf larf/ / Jojxf/sf yf]qf g]tfx?nfO{ klg 8f+8f s6fpg ;sf];
cyjf ;d'b|af6 afn'jfdf km]+lsPsf df5f agfpg ;sf]; . o;sf] lglDt ;d:t u0ft+q,
nf]st+q (republican) k|lt OdfGbf/ ef/tsf] afx'gafbL
;fdflhs Joj:yf ljZj lxGb' kl/ifb / lxGb' ;+u7gx? h;n] 9'+ufnfO{ b"b–
dfG5]nfO{ d't v'jfpg l;sfp5 . :s"n, k'nx?sf] ;§f dlGb/ agfpg / Hof]ltif
zf:q 3f]sfp5gÙ ltgLx? ;fdflhs ls6fg'x? x'g . h;n] ;dfhnfO{ klR5nlt/ ws]n]sf
5g\Ù cfˆgf] lglxt :jfy{sf] lglDt . To;}sf] kmn xf], ef/tsf] k|lt JolQm cfDbfgL
tnlt/ v:s]sf] / g]kfn lev duGt] d'n'sdf k'/fOPsf] . g]kfnn] ef/t / c? d'n'snfO{
lev dfUg'df uj{ ug]{ xf]Og /fh;+:yf / c?n] ljb]zdf n'sfP/ /fv]sf] ;Dklt kmsf{pg
nufP/ d'n'ssf] ah6 agfpg ;Sg]df uj{ ug{' ;Sg' k5{ . Toltsf /sdx? ljb]zaf6
g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjgf]kfh{gsf] lglDt lbPsf] xf] . d'n'snfO{ aGbuL /fv]/ kfPsf]
;Dklt ljb]zdf JolQmsf] gfddf n'sfpgsf] lglDt xf]Og . ef/tdf klg afx'gafbL
;fdflhs Joj:yfdf x's]{sfx? rfx] hlt ;'s} 7"nf kbdf k'u]sf ePtf klg
afx'gafbsf cToGt 3[l0ft ;+:sf/sf] lj/f]w gu/L To;} cg's'n cfk"mnfO{ 9fn]/
cfˆgf] JoflQm :jy{df s;/L lnKt 5g\ < To;sf s]xL k|df0f tn lbOG5 . ef/tsf
klxnf] /fi6«klt 8S6/ /fh]Gb| k|;fb afx'g afbsf ;'b| >]0fLsf ePsfn] pgn] Ps
;o hgf afx'gsf] v'§f wf]P/ Tof] ckljq kfgL 3'6 3'6 lkP/ afx'gafbsf] bf;tf
:jLsf/]sf lyP . s]/nfsf Pshgf z'b| >]0fLsf d'Vofd+qL z+s/frfo{sf] clU3n lt/
ndk;f/ k/]/ k|0ffd u/]sf lyP . ljh]kLsf afx'g g]tf -ljh]kL eg]sf] afx'g hftLo
kf6L{_ d'/nLw/ hf]zLn] cd[tdoL b]jLnfO{ lgDtfP/ rfFbLsf] yfndf b]jLsf] v'§f
wf]P/ 9f]Ub} cflz/afb dfu]sf lyP . !(** sf] h'gsf] klxnf] xKtflt/ Hofb} udL{
ePsf]
sf/0fn] cfsfzaf6 kfgL aiff{pgsf] lglDt lxGb'x?sf] Oi6b]j OGb|nfO{ u'xfb}{ ef/t
;sf{/n] lbNnLsf] glhs} 7"nf] o1sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . t/ Ps} yf]kf
kfgL klg l56fPg . b]j uf}8f k|wfg d+qL ag] kl5 cfˆgf] s';L{ lr/ :yfoL agfpgsf] lglDt
h'nfO{ !#, !((^ sf] lbg lbNnLsf] /fds[i0f
k/+x;sf] Jofs6]/jf/ d+lGb/df o1sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP . k/Gt' afx'gx?n] æb]j
uf}8f ;'b| ePsf] sf/0fn] ;'b|nfO{ o1 ug]{ j}lbs clwsf/ 5}gÆ eg]/ uPgg . To;df
!)* hgf afx'gnfO{ lgDtf] ul/Psf] lyof] . gq lzjhLnfO{ h:tf] æs/f]8f} ?lkof lnP/
o1 rflx+ ul/lbG5f}+ . t/ l6sfr} ln+un] nufO{ lbG5f}ÙÆ eg]/ cem a];L
ckdflgt x'gaf6 hf]luof] . agf/; lxGb' ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?n] æljZj
ljBfnosf] pb3f6g >+u]/Lsf] z+s/frfo{sf] xftaf6 xf];Æ eGg] rfx]sfn] of]
lg0ff{os ;+b]z af]s]/ pgsf+ k'u] . z+s/frfo{n] of] hfgsf/L kfP kl5 z+s/frfo{n]
p;sf] rkn lnP/ hfg] / To;}af6 pb3f6g u/fpg] cfb]z lbP . ljZjljBfnosf
sd{rf/Lx?n] To;} u/] . ;'lgG5 cfh klg afx'gx? To; rknsf] k'hf ug]{ u5{g . ljZj
lxGb' kl/ifb / ljleGg lxGb' ;+u7gx?n] ;a} lt/sf] /fhg}lts ;Qf, Gofonox? /
k|zf;lgs 7fpFx?df sAhf hdfO;s] kl5 / af}4, lqmlZrog, l;s, d';ndfg h:tf
;d'bfonfO{ cft+lst u/fpFb} 7fpF 7fpFdf b+uf u/fpFb} ef/tnfO{ klg 8S6/
cDj]8s/åf/f lgld{t wd{ lg/k]If x6fP/ lxGb' /fi6« 3f]if0ff ug]{ hdsf]{ / ;8o+q
ltj| kfg]{ tkm{ nfu]sf 5g\ . x/]s wd{nfO{ lxGb' s/0f ug]{ tkm{ klg e/dUb"/
k|of;df h'6]sf 5g= . lxGb'afbLx? wdL{ / c? ;a} cwdL{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . lo
b':xf;Lx?sf] hdft o:t} if8o+qdf dfq lnKt /xG5g\ / stfaf6 wg sdfpg ;lsG5 To;df
dfq lng /xG5g\ . ;Dkltsf] lglDt logLx? hlt a]nf klg h] klg ug{ tof/ /xG5g\ .
;tL k|yf klg ;Dklt s} nf]edf afx'gx?af6 ;[lht rqmJo'x' xf] . ;lt hfg] :jf:gL
dfG5]n] eP e/sf] cfˆgf] uxgf nufP/ cfuf]df xfdkmfNg' kYof]{ / lrtfsf] rf/} lt/
afx'gx? af;sf] 3f]rf lnP/ j:y] tf ls Tof] ;lthfg' kg]{x? efu]/ hfg g;s'g .
:jf:gL dfG5] ;+u} p;sf] u/uxgf 88]/ l9sf] ag]kl5 To;sf] xsbf/ ltg} afx'gx?
x'Gy] . ef/tdf / g]kfndf /x]sf] b]jbf;L k|yf klg afx'gx?åf/f lgld{t j]Zoj[lt
xf] . ef/tsf sltko dlGb/x?df blnt t/ /fd|L l76Lx?nfO{ ufpFaf6 NofO lxGb'x?sf]
b]jtfx? ;+u ljjfxf ul/lbg] rng rNtLdf NofP/ k'/f]lxtx?sf] ef]lu agfOGYof] /
a]Zoa[lt geg]/ b]jbf;L eGg] ul/of] . ha ls afx'gx? cfk"mx?nfO{ b]jtfsf
;Gtfgx? eGg] u5{g / lt l76Lx? ltgLx?s} bfl; sxnfOG5g\ . of] k|yf g]kfn s}
klZrdL e]udf klg k|r'/ dfqfdf 5 . lsg ls g]kfn klg ef/t s} ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbaf6
;+rflnt d'n's xf] . g]kfnsf ljleGg wd{jnDjLx?n] lgle{Qmf k"j{s o;k|lt
ulx/f] rf;f] /fVg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] wd{ lg/k]If klg xfltsf] bf/f h:tf] gxf];
/ wd{ lg/k]If cfufdL algg] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ljifo dWo]sf]
Pp6f x'g'k5{ . lxGb' wd{ xf]Og afb xf] . le8L ;fjf/s/n] !(@# df lxGb'Tj gfds
k':ts n]v] kl5 kf+r hgf afx'gx?n] gfuk'/df a'4 wd{jnDjLx?sf] u8 ePsf]n] !(@% df
afx'gafb cyjf lxGb'jfb cf/De u/L !(@* df afx'gx?sf] j[x4 ;Dd]ng u/L lxGb'jfb
cyjf afx'gafbnfO{ lxGb'wd{sf] gfdfs/0f u/L Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ lta| kfl/Psf]
xf] . h;n] cfkm"nfO{ lxGb' eG5 To;sf] 6fpsf] afx'g xf] . lxGb'afbnfO{
Jofks agfpb} ef/t / g]kfndf htftt} lj?jf /f]Kgsf] lglDt ljZjlxGb' kl/ifbnfO{
s]xL aif{ cl3 aflx/af6 ! c/a @% s/f]8 8n/ cfPsf] tYof k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 .
To;}af6 lzj ;]gf, kz'klt ;]gf, ah/+u ;]gf h:tf ;+u7gx? rflx+ ;f]emf] ?kdf cft+s
km}nfpg] / ljleGg wfld{s ;+3 ;+:yfsf] gfddf lˆnd agfP/ l6eL / /]l8of]åf/f k|rf/
u/]/ dflg;sf] lubLdf k|efj kfg]{ ultljwL ltj| kfl/Psf] 5 . o;n] Pp6f ;+s]t s]
b]vfPsf] 5 eg] lxGb'afb ljZjaf6g} nf]k eP/ uO/x]sf] 5 . csf]{ lt/ a'4nfO{ t
cfOG; 6fOgn] ;+emg] u/], b'O xlnp8 PS6/ a'lbi6 eO;s] . To;}sf/0f of] lxGb' hdft
lta|?kdf sl;Psf] 5 . lzj ;]gfx? h:tf ;+u7gsf] sfd lxGb' lj/f]wLx?sf] xTof ug]{
klg xf] . lzj ;]gfsf afn 7fs/]n] t ef/tdf lxGb' afx'gafbL tflnjfgsf] ;Vt h?/L
ePsf] tYof af/+af/ bf]xf]/ofO{ t]x/ofO{ elg/x]sf 5g\ . ljb]zaf6 ljZj lxGb'
kl/ifbnfO{ !(($ tfsf lelqPsf] ! c/j @% s/f]8 8n/sf] sfd b]vfpg' g} klg oL
lxGb'jfbL cyf{t afx'gafbL ;+u7gx? / /f;;nfO{ ;;Qm sfd b]vfpg cToGt cfjZos 5 .
lxGb'afbn] clxGb' dfly / blntx? dfly cToGt lgd{dtf k"j{s xTof / lx+;f
km}nfpFb} / k};fsf] cx+sf/sf] k|b{zgL ub}{ cfPsf] ePtf klg ef/tsf blntx?sf]
d'lQm bftf 8S6/ led/fj cDj]8s/sf] gfd / sfdsf] cfh ljZje/g} rrf{ eO /x]sf] 5 /
pgsf] lgb]{zgfTds kysf] cg'z/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . d"lt{x? 78ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
Ps hgf blntsf zf]lift g]tf k]l/of/
OjL /fdf;fdL gfos/n] t oL lxGb' g]tfx?nfO{ slt;Dd xf+s lbg] u/]sf 5g\ eg]
k|To]s jif{ /fd gjdLsf] lbg pgn] ;d:t lxGb' b]jL b]jtf / /fd s[i0f h:tfsf
d"lt{x? e]nf u/]/ 6«sdf nfbg] u5{g / h'Qf rKknsf] dfnf nufO{ lbP/ n¶Ln]
lk6b} tldngf8'df h'n'; lgsfn]/ zx/ 3'dfpg] u5{g . tf ls clzlIft / ztfJbLcf}+
ztfJbL ;Dd afx'gx? ;+u 8/fP/ a;]sf lgd'vf blntx?n] klg a'emf]; ls afx'gx?n]
7luvfg]Ù dfluvfg] oL 9'+ufsf 7f+8fx? ;+u gem:s'g . æo:tf b]jL, b]jtf, / eujg,
eujtL df+ -cfdf_ Toflb cl3 em'Sg] / ljZjfif ug]{x? k6 d"v{x? dWo]sf x'g /
o:tf gfdx?df 7Ug] dsf/, ubf/ kfv08Lx? x'g .Æ o:t} lxGb'afbL g]tf x'g Pds] ufGwL
klg . afx'gx?sf] cToGt :jfdL eQm / blnt la/f]wL ePs} sf/0f dxfTdf 6fO6n kfPsf]
ePtf klg afx'g s} xftaf6 dfl/Psf ufGwL -t]nL_ sf] egfO æblntx? hlts} k8]
n]v]sf] ePtf klg p;n] ;fsL{ eP h'Qf l;nfpg] sfd, d]t/ eP kmf]xf]/ 7fFp a8f/g]
sfd g} ug'{ k5{ / lxGb'sf] clt ;'b| hftL cyf{t afx'gsf] k}tfnf hghftLs} :t/df
a:g' k5{ eGg]Æ ts{ lbGy] . ufGwLn] hLjg e/ @! kN6 cg;g
u/] t/ blnt hghftL c5'tx?sf] d'lQm / enfO{sf] lglDt Pp6} klg cg;g u/]g .
blntx?nfO{ xl/hgsf] gfd lbP . xl/hg eg]sf] c;fxfo blnt s]6Lx?nfO{ l6k]/ NofO
k'hf/Lx?n] anfTsf/ ug]{ / ltgLx?sf] ljx] rflx+ dlGb/sf lxGb' b]jtfx? ;+u
ul/lbP/ b]jbf;L egL j]Zof j[lt ug{ nufpg]
xf] . ufGwL ;Q/L jif{ k'Ubf gk'Ubf a|Dxrfo{ cEof; eg]/ t?gL o'jtLx? ;+u gf+u}
;'Tg] uy]{ / ltgLx?af6 dfln; ug{ nufp+y] . To:tf o'jtLx? dWo]sf lyP cfˆg} !(
aif]{ gfltgL dg' klg . Tof] eGbf klxNo}b]lv ufGwL gf+u} eP/ o'jtLx?nfO{ z/L/df
dfln; ug{ nufpy] . To; dWo] ef/tsL klxnf] :j:y d+qL /fhs'df/L cd[t sf}/ klg
lyOg . ufGwLnfO{ lbg xf} b'O{ wG6f gf+u} dfl;n ug]{ df 8= z'lznf g}of/ klg lyOg
. Pstfsf c5'tx?nfO{ dSv kf/]/ ;dy{g h'6fpgsf] lglDt s+u|;n] c5't blntx?sf]
gfddf $( nfv %) xhf/ km08 5'6fPsf] lyof] . t/ blnt pTyfgsf] lglDt dfq $^ xhf/ *
;o *! ?k}of vr{ u/] . @$ ;]K6]Da/ !(#@ k'gf KofS6 kl5 cfof]lht
/fqL ef]hdf lxGb' ;dfhsf c5't dWo] cDa]8s/ klg pkl:yt lyP . Tof] ef]h kl5
afx'gx? kljq x'gsf] lglDt u+ufhn 5s]{/ lkP . dbg df]xg dfnljosf] ;+of]hsTjdf
u+ufhn NofOPsf] lyof] . o;/L u+ufhn lkP/ kljq x'g]x?df sltko dfS;{afbL sDo'lgi6
afx'g g]tfx? klg lyP . ;Gt sxnfO{Psf ljj]sfgGbnfO{ afx'g ;Gtx?n] slxNo} klg
;+u} a;]/ ef]hg ug{ lbPgg . lsg ls p j+ufnL ;dfhsf ;'b| lyPÙ p g/]Gb| bQ lyP .
xl/åf/sf] sfgvn cf>ddf ;+w} ckdflgt x'g' k/]tf klg ckdfg g} ;x]/ klg cnu}
a;]/ ef]hg ug]{ uy]{ . oL ljj]sfgGb Jof]x/fdf rflx+ ;f/} g} rf]6f kfv08L lyP .
p;sf] ljz]iftf klg oxL kfv08Lkg g} lyof] . Ps kN6 p cd]l/sf k'u] . TofxfF k'u]/
Ps hgf a'lbi6 dxLnfnfO{ a'l4hd ljifodf avfg ;'gfP . lt dxLnfn] ef/tdf a'4 u'Daf
agfpgsf] lglDt $) xhf/ 8f]n/sf] wg /fzL lbOg . csL{ a'l4i6 dxLnf x]g l/tf
d'n/n] ljxf/ k|fGtdf afO; lj3f hUuf lslglbOg . clkt' ef/t kms]{ kl5 ljj]sfgGbn]
/fds[i0f ld;g :yflkt ul/lbP . /fd s[i0f afx'g xf] . bfgstf{x?n] of] wf]sf
w8Lsf] s'/f yfxf kfP kl5 k|Zg p7fP . hjfjdf ljj]sfgGbn] eg]– æd cd]l/sfdf 5+bf
a'4 wd{ /fd|f] nfuYofÙ] ef/t kms]{ kl5 afx'gafb ;fy{s nfUof] .Æ o:tf 7u x'G5g
;fw' ;Gtsf] e]ifdf klg . /fds[i0f k/+x; j+ufnL r6f]kfWo afx'g lyof] . Pshgf
;'b| /fgLn] sf]nstf blIf0f]Zj/ dlGb/ agfO ;s] kl5 k'hf/L lgo'lQmsf] cfjZos
k¥of] . /fds[i0fnfO{ k'/f]lxt r'Gg' kg]{ l:ylt ;[hgf eof] . /fds[i0f k/+x;
r6f]kfWon] dlGb/sf] k'hf/L aGg o; sf/0f :jLsf/] ls ædlGb/sf] ;Dklt a|Dxfjtf/sf]
?kdf afx'gsf] ;Dklt x'g'k5{ .Æ kl5 ;'b| /fgLn] kfFr ;o ju{ dfOn e"ld
afx'gsf] gfddf ul/lbg' k¥of] . /f+rLsf] aL/;f d'08fn] lxGb'afbsf] lj/f]w u/]
kl5 / afx'gafbsf] lj/f]w u/] kl5 /f+rL 5]psf] r'l6ofsf] dlGb/df k;]/ d'08fx?sf]
dlGb/ tf]8kmf]8 ul/lbof] . t/ ufpF txb]lv s]Gb| tx ;Dd afx'gafb JofKt ePsf]n] /
k|zf;g Gofo sfg'g ;a} g} afx'gx?sf] xftdf ePsf]n] Gofo kfPg g]kfndf h:t} .
yf]/} ;dodf g} afx'gafbL lxGb' dlGb/sf kfFr ;o afx'gx? s/f]8 klt ag] . ltgsf
3/x? ultnf ag], 5f]/f5f]/Lx? k8Gt] ag] . PskN6 !()# lt/ aDa]df Ps hgf k'hf/L
afx'gn] xNnf lkm+hfof] . æo; kN6 o; e]udf 7"n} cgy{ x'g nfu]sf] 5 .
dxnx?df b'3{6gf x'g nfu]sf] 5 . To; b'3{6gfnfO{ ;fDo ug{sf] lglDt 7"nf] /sd vr]{/
xf]d ug{ / zflGtsf] hfk ug{ cfjZos 5 .Æ of] xNnf lxGb'afbLsf] lubLdf ;'b|
7xl/Psf k|zf;s ;fx'hL dxf/fhsfF klg k'Uof] . ;fx'hL dxf/fhn] To; k'/f]lxtnfO{
af]nfP/ eg]– æobL hfk / xf]d kl5 klg s'g} 36gf / cgy{ ePsf] v08df z+s/frfo{sf]
;a} zlQm hfohfb vf]l;g] 5 / o:tf] xNnf km}nfpg] k'/f]lxtnfO{ h]nsf] xfjf
v'jfOg] 5 .Æ To:tf] k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ;'g] kl5 To; k'/f]lxt / p;sf] hdft 8lNnof]
km]l/ To:tf] xNnf lkm+hfpg] ;fx; slxNo} u/]g . o;/L ef/tdf ;f+8] tLg xhf/
jif{b]lv / g]kfndf em08} kf+r ;o jif{b]lv ljleGg ?kdf zf];g / zf;g ub}{ cfPsf
lxGb' cfo{x?n] TofxfFsf d"naf;LnfO{ s+ufn agfO ;s]sf 5g eg] g]kfnsf
d"naf;L clxGb'x?nfO{ klg x/ 5]qdf zf;g / zf];g u/L gfh's l:yltdf k'/fO
;s]sf 5g\ . o;/L zf];g ltj| ?kdf a8fP/ ofxf+sf / ef/tsf d"naf;LnfO{ wgan,
a'l4an, e"ldan TofbLdf sdhf]/ agfO ;s]sf 5g\ . /fhg}lts, wfld{s, cfly{s,
;fdflhs pTyfgsf] lglDt pbf/ / ljzfn x[boL x'g ;S5g\ < logLx?sf] pbf/L
s/0fsf] gf/f / qmflGtsf/L gf/f ;fFr} Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;S5g < g]kfndf olt
7"nf] ;dlk{t eP/ –Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ cfGbf]ng eP kl5 / nf]stf+lqs,
u0ftf+lqs gf/f / nIo r/d ;Ldfdf k'u] kl5 –1fg]Gb|sf] jfSofx? b]jjf0fL eP/ s;/L
lrl;of] < klxnf] cfGbf]ngdf klg wf]sf lbg] sf]O/fnfnfO{ s;/L csf6of g]tf
agfOof] / cfh nf]st+q, u0ft+qnfO{ lr;fP/ k|hft+qdf embf{ klg lsg c?x? :jLs[lt
;"rsdf k'lu;s] < of] /x:odo ;f+7 uf+7 hfb"sf] 58L s] xf] <
cflv/ luhf{ / 1fg]Gb| cfPsf] 7fpF Pp6} xf]Ù gfs, d'v, y/, uf]q, efiff
lxGb'afbsf] kl/kf]ifs Pp6} xf] / pgLx?sf] pbud :yn / ;+ud :yn klg Pp6} xf] .
oxfFsf d"naf;Lsf] ;a} g} j]Un} ePsf]n] logLx?sf] pTyfgdf xf]Og ktgdf g}
b'j}n] enf] b]v]sf 5g . o;}sf/0f l;GwL nfn s[i0f c8afgL, czf]s l;+xn / c? afx'g
g]tfx?, 1fg]Gb| / sf]O/fnfx?sf] cg'xf/ gldn] klg zf];g / zf;gsf] tl/sf ldN5 .
ef/tdf klg æTofxfFsf d"naf;Lx? r]tglzn ag]/ /fhg}lts, zlQm xTofpnfÆ eGg]
8/ g]kfndf klg ToxL em:sf .
h] h;f] ePtf klg ef/t / g]kfnsf
d"naf;Lx? lx+8]sf af6f]sf] nIodf k'Ug b]/ xf]nf cGw]/ 5}g . of] ;TotfnfO{
ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx?n] ;fljt ul/lbPsf 5g\ . xhf/f}+ xhf/ aif{b]lv ef/tdf a'4
wd{nfO{ / a'4sf] gfdf] lg;fg d]6fpgsf] lglDt / TofxfFsf d"naf;LnfO{ vtd
ug{sf] lglDt lxGb' cfo{x?n] wgan, 5nan, sk6ann] sf]lzif u/]/ xfdL b'j} d'n'ssf
d'naf;LnfO{ s+ufn agfP . o; e]udf a'4 dfuL{x?nfO{ lxgfog dxfog agfP/ c7f/ efudf
ljefhg u/] . t/ ;Dk"0f{?kn] gi6 ug{ ljkmn g} /x] . ca o;/L ljeflht ;dfhdf
r]tgfsf] pHofnf] / Pstfsf] efjgfsf] ljp lj?jf emf+lub} 5 . ca ;femf zq' lrg]/
ljrf/n] glhSofP/ z;Qm eP/ h'6of] eg] s;}sf] cx+sf/ kb / k};fsf] zlQm 8/ /
qf;sf] wDsLn] sfd ug{ ;Qm}g . of] lglZrt xf] . oltsf] aif{ a'4 wd{nfO{ lgd{'n
kf/]/ lxGb'afbnfO{ dnhn xfn]/ l6eL /]l8of] n]vflb dlGb/x?sf] y'k|f] b]vfpg]
hf]/bf/ k|of; x'+sf/sf] ;fy cl3 a8fPtf klg g]kfnsf] t/fO e]udf k"j{b]lv
klZrdL e]u ;Dd 5l/P/ a;]sf yf?x?n] ca cfP/ cfk"mx? a'lbi6 ePsf] / d+uf]n
ePsf] ;Tof tYofnfO{ a'em]/ n]v n]Vg, k':ts 5fKg / u'Daf agfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
lxhf] ;Dd t/fOsf afx'g 5]qLnfO{ uf]8 nu}5L eg]/ cfˆg} e"lddf bf;tf :jLsfg{
afWo ePsf yf?x?n] clwsf/ vf]Hg yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ cfk"mnfO{ d"naf;L eGg
rflx+ cem ;z+lst 5g\ / d'6' bl/nf] eO;s]sf] 5}g . d}n] !(*) df a'6ansf] Pp6f
efif0fdf yf?x? d+uf]n / a'lbi6 ePsf] af/] af]Nbf w]/}n] crDd dfg]sf lyP kTofPsf
lyPgg\ . To;sf] rf/ aif{ kl5 !(*$ df Go"nfO6df Pp6f ;DkfbsLo n]v] kl5 s]xL
k8Gt]x?sf] x[bonfO{ 5f]Psf] lyof] . d}n] dfly n]v] em} yk a'4 / d"lt{x?sf]
ljifodf s]xL n]v'+ . >Ln+sfdf a'4 wd{ qmfOi6 hGdg' eGbf cl3 t]>f]
ztfAbLdf lelqPsf] xf] . To;tfsf TofxfFsf /fhf b]j gf/fo0f l6;f lyP . lrgdf a'4
wd{ ljifodf lrlgof efiffdf pNyf ug]{ pNyfsf/ sf] gfd xf] vf]tfg sf] ef6fd Okf .
pgn] pNyf ug]{ sfd %) cf}+ O:jLdf yfn]sf lyP . Plzof el/g} a'4 wd{ #&)
O:jLdf km}ln;s]sf] lyof] . hfkfgdf a'4 wd{ lelqPsf] %#* O:jL xf] . leotgfd /
nfcf];df t]>f] ztfJbLdf k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . a'4 -l;bfxf_ sf] hGd %^# OZjL (BC) k"j{df ePsf] lyof] . l;bfxfnfO{ @( aif{sf]
pd]/df
-%#$ OZjL k"j{_ b]z lgsfnf ul/Psf] lyof] . czf]s ;d|f6åf/f pgsf] @) cf}+
/fHoleif]ssf] cj;/df / a'4sf] d[To'sf] #!* aif{ kl5 n'lDagLdf czf]s :tDe
lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . pgn] ^ aif{ ;Dd cToGt si6bfos hLjg ljtfP kl5 %@* OZjL
k"j{ (BC) df af]wL1fg k|fKt u/]sf lyP . pgn]
k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg !_ csf]{ hGd gx'g] @_ :jt+qtf #_ efq[Tj $_ ;dfgtfsf] k|rf/
ug]{ sfd #^ aif]{ pd]/ b]lv yfn]sf lyP . $$ aif{ ;Dd cfk"mn] kfPsf] 1fg
k|rf/ k|;f/ u/] kl5 *) aif{sf] pd]/df $*@ OZjL k"j{ (BC) df d[To' ePsf] lyof] . a'4sf] d[To'sf] Ps ;o aif{
kl5 :yfjL/ -7]/jfb_ / dxf;+lus -dxfogf_ df ljefhg eof] . To;sf] klg !%) aif{
kl5 a'4 wd{jnDaL c7f/ efudf ljeflht x'g' k'Uof] . nfdfafb dxfofgf leq g} k5{ .
nfdfafbdf klg afx'gafb s} x'ax' gsn ul/Psf] s]jn efiffdfq csf]{ ePsf] klg
kfOG5, h;nfO{ TofUg cTofjZos 5 . h:tf] g]jf/x?df klg g]jf/ k'hf/L / efiff dfq
g]jf/L eP/ x'jx' afx'gafb s} gsn u/]sf] kfOG5 . lxGb' ;tf
r/d l;dfdf k'u]sf] sf/0fn] a'lbi6 eGg]x? ;a} g} lxGb' s/0f / sd{sf08df r'n{'Dd 8'aL
;s]sf 5g\ . o;sf] d"n sf/0f lxGb' cfo{/fhfsf] ztfJbL cf} ztfJbLsf] zf;g /
To; cl3 klg lxGb'afbL cyf{t afx'g afbL zf;sx?sf] k|e'Tjsf] sf/0f xf] .
a'4wd{sf] ljifodf s]xL aif{ cl3 dfq ufGwf/LlnkLdf lnlvt kq kfOPsf] 5 . of]
OZjL k"j{ klxnf] ztfAbLsf] xf] . clxn] ;Dd kfOPsf] ;+:s[t, kfnL, rfOlgh,
ltJatL efiffdf lnlvt eGbf rf/ ;o aif{
k'/fgf] atfOPsf] 5 . of] efiff k8g ;Sg] ljåfg ;+;f/df g} Psxftsf] cf}+nfdf uGg
;lsG5 . To;df afl;ª6g ljZjljWofnosf l/rf8{ ;]ndg Ps hgf x'g . of] df6f]sf] tLg
rf/ kq] ef+8fdf k'jL{ ckmuflg:yfgdf kfOPsf] xf] . ckmuflg:yfgdf ePsf] ad
ljikmf]6gdf hldg leqaf6 pl5l6P/ aflxl/Psf] xf] . elgG5 Tof] lnkL cf7 6'qmfdf
6'lqmPsf] x'gfn] To;nfO{ a8f] d]xgt ;+u hf]8]/ k8g' k/]sf] lyof] . uGwf/ a'4
dfuL{x?sf] lglDt ef/t afx]s bf]>f] 7"nf] / dxTj k"0f{ wfld{s
:ynsf] ?kdf cf7 ;o aif{;Dd /lx/of] . ;+;f/ s} ;a} eGbf 7"nf] yfGsfdf
a'4sf] hGdb]lv cfh;Ddsf] a[tfGt Oltxf; n]v]/ agfOPsf] of] yfGsf agfpg ;f]x|
d'n'sf snfsf/x?n] efu lnPsf lyP . of] yfGsf &) ld6/ nfdf] / %) ld6/rf}8fsf]
5 . o;sf] cf]hg tLg 6gsf] atfOPsf] 5 . of] tof/ ug{df g]kfnsf] xfnsf] @)
s/f]8 hlt ?lkof vr{ ePsf] atfOG5 . cyf{t $) nfv cd]l/sL 8f]n/ vr{ ePsf] 5 .
o;nfO{ % aif{ nufP/ agfOPsf] xf] . o; ;do of] yfGsf hfkfgdf yGsfOPsf] 5 .
a'4sf] cfh;Dd kfOPsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] 9'+ufdf s'+b]/ agfOPsf] d"lt{
lrgsf] Ujfª ;' k|fGtsf] nfª xfpdf kfOPsf] 5 . of] l:nlkª a'4sf] d'lt{ !(($ df
kfOPsf] xf] / !) lsnf] ld6/ 6f8faf6 klg b]Vg ;lsg] jtfOPsf] 5 . h;sf] nDjfO{ $
xhf/ $ ;o ld6/ / % xhf/ ld6/ cUnf] 5 . sf+;sf] wft'af6 agfOPsf] a'4sf] ;a}eGbf
nfdf] d'lt{ klg hfkfgdfg} 5 . of] !((% df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; ;do of] ljZjs}
nfdf] sf+;af6 lgld{t a'4sf] d'lt{ k'ms'bfsf] !*(( df lgld{t ;a} eGbf k'/fgf]
u'Dafdf /flvPsf] 5 . of] 7fpF 6f]lsof]af6 ()) dfOn 6f8f]df k5{ . of] d'lt{df
a'4sf] v/fgL /flvPsf] 5 . of] $! ld6/ nfdf] / s'Ogf hldgaf6 !! ld6/ cUnf] 5 .
of] d'lt{ agfpgsf] lglDt emG8} ( s/f]8 8f]n/ -*!^=& ldlnog 8f]n/_ vr{ ePsf]
5 . o;/L x]bf{ c8fO{ xhf/ aif{b]lv lxGb' cfo{gx?sf] a'4nfO{ ktg ug]{ hfn em]n /
;8o+q k"0f{?kdf c;kmn ePsf] 5 . a'4 clgZjf/afbL lyP . o;} sf/0f d a'4nfO{
k'hf u5{' . d g csf]{ hGdsf] ljZjfif u5{' g klxnf] hGdsf] . d d/] kl5sf] :ju{,
gs{, sd{ sf08df ljZjfif ulb{g+ . d rfxG5' dflg;n] o;} hGddf ;'vL eP/ afFRg ;s'g
. s;}n] cefj u|:t hLjg lhpg' gk/f]; . d TofxL k|of;df nugzLn klg 5' .
g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf dfcf]afb
Maoism in Nepalese Politics.
sDo'lgi6 ;+u ;DalGwt s'g}
klgafbsf] s'/f ubf{ sfn{dfS;{sf] s'/f cfp+5 / pgnfO{ sDo'lgi6sf] hGdbftf dflgG5
. o;f];n] pgsf] ljifodf b'Orf/ x/km sf]?+ . sfn{dfS;{ ox'bL x'g / lx6n/sf] s6/
lj/f]wL . lx6n/n] bf]>f] ljZjo'4tfsf ^) nfv ox'bLnfO{ Uof; RofDj/df xfn]/
df/]sf lyP . To;af6 afFRg ;kmn Pshgf 8S6/ ox'bLn] lgs} cl3 c;ljhSofDk k':ts
n]v]/ bb{gfs lrq0f k|:t't u/]sf lyP . dfS;{sf] bz{g slt ;kmn slt c;kmn To;
ljifodf klg cfˆgf] lj:t[t ljrf/ xf]Og 6sfg 6's'g ljrf/ /fV5' . lsgls d oxfF
dfS;{sf] ljifodf n]Vg nfu]sf] 5}g . d t g]kfnsf] /fhlgtLdf dfcf]afb ljifodf
n]Vg uO/x]sf] 5' . h;n] g]kfnnfO{ lk/f]ln /x]sf] 5 . o4kL of] ca clGtd r/0fdf 5
. dS;{sf] hGd !*!* df ePsf] xf] / pgn] @# aif]{ ns]{ pd]/ dfg} lkPr8L -8S6/]6_
u/]sf lyP . dS;{sf] Oxlntf ^$ aif{sf] pd]/df !**# df eof] . pgn] bf;Soflk6n
n]v] !*^& df . dfS;{n] #) aif{sf] o'jfj:yfdf sDo'lgi6 3f]if0ff kq tof/ u/]
cyf{t !*$* df dfS;{n] hf]/ lbPsf cf}wf]lus qmfGtL t pgL hGdg' eGbf %* aif{
cl3g} cyf{t !&^) df g} ;'? ePsf] lyof] / Ps ;o aif{ ;Dd cyf{t !*^) ;Dd /of]
. k|m]l8«s P+hN; kl;{og lyP h;n] dfS;{nfO{ w]/} g} ;xof]u
u/] . pgL ;+u dfS;{sf] e]6 !*$$ df cyf{t @^ aif{sf] pd]/df ePsf] lyof] .
dfS;{nfO{ x]u]nsf] Yof]/L ckm 8fon]lS6hdn] klg w]/} dbb k'/fof] . x]u]n hd{gL
lyP . dfS;{sf] Oxlnnf z]if ePsf] @$ aif{ kl5 cyf{t !(!& df /l;ofdf sDo'lgi6
cfof] . /l;ofsf hf/ zfifsn] cyf{t /fhfn] hgtfnfO{ o;/L lk;]sf lyP ls
cfk"mx? ;'gsf] bjf{/df ef]u ljnf;sf ;fgf 7"nf ;a} a:t' ;DkGg lyof]
eg] u/Lax? Ps 6'qmf /f]6Lsf] lglDt t8lk/xg' kYof]{ . cefj / ef]sdf hGd]sfx?
cefj / ef]ss} hLjg lhP/ hLjg ljtfpg' kYof]{ . klxnf] ljZj o'4sf] dxfdf/L lyof]
. o;} ljZj o'4n] klg n]lng / :6flngnfO{ cfˆgf] qmfGtLsf/L kfOnf] cl3 a8fpg
7"nf] dbb k'/fof] .
hf/nfO{ æg/x] afF; gah] afF;'/LÆ agfO lbP . hf/nfO{ ;dfKt ul/lbP . ;ft aif{df
;fsL{ kl/jf/sf :6flng / n]lng ldn]/ hf/ ;dy{s / zf]ifs, ;fdGtL km6fxfx?sf] /
cfˆgf lj/f]wLx?nfO{ ;vfk kf/]/ g} 5f8] . k|sfzdf cfPsf] cf+s8fg';f/ ;ft aif{sf]
bf}/fgdf #) nfv %) xhf/nfO{ df/]/ g} l;WofP . sDo'lgi6x?sf] sfdg} xf] a'l4n]
eGbf xltof/sf] ann] cf+tlst u/fP/ cfˆgf] ljrf/ / cfˆgf] x's'd nfb]/ hgtfnfO{
ef/L jf]Sg] ubf / cfk"m r8g] 3f]8f agfpg] . sDo'lgi6 t+q /f0fft+q, /fht+q
/ ;}lgst+q gfdsf] dfq km/s xf] . To;} sf/0f lb3{lhjL klg x'Fb}g . g t ltgLx?sf]
;kgf g} k'/f x'G5 g t d'n'sn] ljsfz g} u5{ . ljsf; eg]sf] d'7L e/ g]tfn] ug]{
df]h dHhf xf] . ;xL s'/f cl3 Nofof] ls d[To'sf] 306L aHof] . Hofg ;a}nfO{
Kof/f] x'G5 . ;f]q]m6; h:tf] ;Tos'/fsf] lglDt ljif lkpg] / qmfOi6 h:tf] qm;df
e'ml08g], l;bfxf h:tf] cfhLjg ;xL s'/fsf] k|;f/df ;a s'5 TofUg] dfG5] t csfn
e'ms'n dfq hGdG5g\ . /l;ofdf o;/L NofOPsf] sDo'lgi6t+qsf] cfo' &% aif{ klg
tu]g . g cfly{s ;'wf/ x'g' ;Sof]Ù g u/Ljsf] hLjg p7fpg ;Sof] g t d'n'snfO{
ljsf; ug{ g} ;Sof] . cflv/ !((! df sDo'lgi6 t+q 9Nof] . uf]jf{rf]en] Unf;gf]:t
/ k]/];qf]Osf Nofpg} k/of] . TofxfFsf hghLjgn] klxnfsf] eGbf s]xL /fd|f]
;'wfl/Psf] hLjgdf k|j]z ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . sDo'lgi6 d'n'sdf k'Ubf 7"nf]
zx/af6 ufpFdf k'u] h:tf] / ;ft' x/fP h:tf] dx;'; x'G5 . dnfO{ t pQ/ sf]l/of,
Dofgdf/ / To;tfsfsf] ljv08Lt k"j{ hd{gL k'Ubf To:t} cg'ej eof] . o4kL d
s'g} ljslzt d'n'saf6 TofxfF k'u]sf] dfG5] xf]Og . st} st} t sDo'lgi6 d'n's !%
aif{ eGbf j];L l6Sg klg ;s]sf] 5}g . u/La hgtfsf] ;kgf Psflt/ x'G5Ù e|i6rf/L
g]tfx? zlQmdf k'u] kl5 hgtfnfO{ cft+lst u/fP/ cfk"mx? df]h ug]{ / cfˆgf]
kl/jf/nfO{ ;DkGg u/fpg] w'gdf /x]/ r/d l;dfdf cft+lst u/fpF5g\ . af]Ngsf] lglDt
d'vafof]ls b'v kfof] cyjf Hofg g} u'dfof] . !(() tfsf ;Dd ;+;f/df @# j6f
sDo'lgi6 d'n's lyP . !(() / !((! df !# j6f 9n] . sDo'lgi6 d'n's So'jfsf /fi6«klt
lkm8]n Sof:6«f] ;+;f/s} wgL JolQm dWo]sf Ps hgf JolQm aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . /f]dflgofsf rr]:s'n] zlQm xft kf/]
kl5 hgtfnfO{ cft+lst t'NofP/ cfk"m /f]dflgofsf afa' / pgsL >LdtL
/f]dflgofsL cfdf eGg nufPsf lyP . pgsf 5f]/fsf] cft+s / k'm6fgL olt r/d l;dfdf
k'u]sf] lyof] ls p;sf] 6\jfOn]6df kfgL jUg] wf/f klg ;'gsf] agfpg nufPsf] lyof]
. /f]dflgofdf !($& b]lv rr]:s' zlQmdf k'u]sf lyP . !(() df sDo'lgi6 zf;g
ktg eof] . cl3Nnf] lbg ;Dd g} 8/ / cft+sn] ;ftf] uPsf hgtfn] ef]s nfUbf æef]s
nfUof]Æ ;Dd eGg gkfPsf hgtfn] rr]:s'n] h] af]Nof] To;}nfO{ n'/] xftn] tfnL
lk6]/ ho hosf/ dgfpg' kg]{ hgtfn] /fhg}lts ljikmf]6g x'g ;fy rr]:s' / pgsL
>LdtLnfO{ l;dfkf/ ug{ cl3 g} vf]hL vf]hL a]g6n] /f]k]/ dfl/lbP . dfS;{n]
eg]g';f/ sDo'lgi6 t cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx? k|mfG;, a]nfot cd]l/sf h:tf] d'n'sdf
cfpg' kYof]{ . lsg pQ/ sf]l/of, rLg ckmuflg:yfg h:tf] d'n'sdf cfof] <
ckmuflg:yfgdf t !(&* df sDo'lghd cfof] !@ aif{ kl5 !(() df 9n] / wf/ftndf
ldNof] klg .
rLg / pQ/ sf]l/ofdf
sDo'lgi6 zf;g cfpg / l6Sg'sf] sf/0f s] klg 5 eg] bf]>f] ljZjo'4sf]
7"nf] c;/ xf] . leotgfddf sDo'lgi6 zf;g Nofpgdf rLgn] cToGt 7"nf]
;xof]u u/] h:t} rLg / pQ/ sf]l/ofnfO{ sDo'lgi6 d'n's agfpgsf] lglDt :6flngn]
cToGt 7"nf] dbb u/]sf] lyof] . s]xL aif{ cl3 ;Dd /l;of ljZjs} bf]>f]
zlQmzfnL d'n's lyof] eg] cd]l/sf klxnf] . o;} sf/0f b'j}n] ;+;f/df cfˆgf] k|efj
5]q a8fpg rfxGy] . ca cfP/ cd]l/sf Psnf] ;j{ zlQmdfg d'n's ag]sf] 5 . rLg,
sf]l/ofdf TofxLsf afl;Gbf d+uf]n dfemsf] zf]ifs / zf]lift wgL / u/Lj (Haves Have nots) dfemsf] n8fO+ lyof] / zf]ifs
zf]lift TofxLsf d"naf;L x'g . t/ g]kfn / ef/tsf] /fhg}lts n8fO+ ljNs'n}
cnu 5 . ef/t / g]kfnsf] klxnf] n8fO+ t xf], lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qL / TofxfF /
oxfFsf d"naf;L dfemsf] xf] . ef/tdf lxGb'cfo{ afx'g 5]qL ldnfP/ !%Ü 5 .
afx'g / 5]qLnfO{ cnu ul/lbPsf] v08df afx'gx? #=%Ü dfq 5 . clkt' ef/tdf lxGb'
cfo{ k;]sf a;f]af;f] ub}{ cfPsf, Psnf}6L wnLdnL ug{ kfPsfn] k|To]s 5]qdf
ltgLx?sf] k|e'Tj 5 . h:t} #=%Ü afx'gx? gf]s/Ldf *&Ü Jofkf/df (&Ü
lzIffdf &*Ü 5g\ eg] ltgLx?sf] xftdf e"ld ($Ü 5 . ef/tdf c? hDd}sf]
hg;+Vof *%Ü ;+u @Ü dfq hldg 5 . cyf{t ltg hgf afx'g;+u (* lj3f hldg 5 / *%
hgfsf] kl/jf/n] @ ljuf hldgdf u'hf/f ug{' k5{ . To:t} g]kfndf klxnf] kN6 !$(%
df leq]sf afx'g 5]qLn] oxfFsf clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nx?sf]af6 ;8o+qg}
;8\o+qn] 6f+6 pN6fO ;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLsf] hg;+Vof @)Ü
ePtf klg ltgLx? ;+u 3/ *)Ü Jofkf/ ;a} h;f] / e"ld ^)Ü 5 . #)Ü eGbf a];L
h+un / @ b]lv # k|ltzt lxp+n] 9flsPsf] r6fg / kv]/fn] 9flsPsf] 5 . df]6fdf]6L
&Ü hUuf *)Ü d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nsf] xftdf 5 . gf]s/Ldf @Ü 5 . ;f]emf]
lx;fan] o;f] egf} . @) hgf afx'g 5]qL *) j6f 3/df a:5g\ / @) hgf afx'g 5]qLn]
^) lj3f hldgsf] cGgafnLsf] pkhgL vfG5g\ . *) hgf d"naf;L d+uf]n @) j6f
3/df sf]lr|P/ a:g' k5{ / & lj3f hufsf] pkhgLdf afFRg' kg]{ jfWotfdf
k'/fOPsf 5g\Ù eg] s;sf] cfly{s, z}lIfs, /fhg}lts cj:yf ultnf] 5 < ul/jLsf]
/]vfd'gL klg xfd|} dfG5]nfO{ k'/fOPsf] 5 . h'g ;'s} kf6L{sf] gfddf h'g;'s}
afx'g 5]qL g]tfx?n] h:tf] ;'s} gf/f lbPtf klg Tof] gf/fdf
ef/tsf] d"naf;L / g]kfnsf] d"naf;Lsf] ktgg} af]s]/ cfPsf] x'G5 /
xltof/ rflx+ TofxfF / oxfFsf d"naf;L g} x'G5g\ . k/Gt' ef/tsf] /fhlgtL
TofxfFsf s}of} d"naf;Lsf] Tofu / alnbfgsf] sf/0f g]kfnsf] eGbf cln vs'nf]
5 . ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfndf s'g} klg g]tf b'/bzL{ / /fi6«Lo lrGtg
af]s]sf] 5}gg\ . ca aNn ev{/sf] cfGbf]ngdf gofF lk8Lsf s]xL g]tfx? b]vf k/]sf 5g\
. o;f] ePtf klg ltgLx?nfO{ g]t[Tjdf k'Ug ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . clxn] ;Dd b]vf
k/]sfx?df ;a} h;f] /fhfnfO{ d'8sL klg b]vfpg] hbf} ug{ klg kl5 gkg]{x? 5g\ .
To;}sf/0f bjf{/n] xofs'nf]n] ldRb} klg cfPsf 5g\ . ev{/} b]lvPsf] s]xL ;dosf]
lglDt ePtf klg 3'+8f 6]sfpg] cfGbf]ng s'g} kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] ;[hgf u/]sf] geP/
gful/s ;dfhsfx?n] cfGbf]lnt u/fP/ r/d l;dfdf k'/fP/ g]t[Tj ;f]lDklbPsf x'g . t/
g]t[Tjdf ;Ifdtf gb]lvPsf]n] olQsf] prfOdf k'/fOPsf] cfGbf]lnt hgtfnfO{ log}
g]tfx?n] lr:ofO{ lbP . 1fg]Gb| Ps k|sf/n] ;kmn eP / cfk"m / cfˆgf kl/jf/
;lxt /fh;+:yfnfO{ ;'/lIft cat/0f u/] . oL g]tfx? km]l/ 1fg]Gb|s} cflz/jfbdf
/f]hL /f]6L ;'/lIft ug{ vf]lh/x]sf 5g\Ù rfO/x]sf 5g\ . ca oL g]tfx?nfO{ g}
lsgf/f nufO lbP/ lgle{s, b"/bzL{, g]kfn dfglrq leq ePsf d"naf;L d+uf]n
/fi6«x?df klg ljrf/ k'/fpg ;Sg] b"/ufdL g]t[Tj vf]Hg k/]sf] 5 . tfls kl5
uP/ Psf{sfdf a}dg:o ;[hgf gxf];\ .
cfh ufpFn] :t/df g]tf kb
kfPsf ;+;b ePsf d+qL, k|wfg d+qL / pkk|wfg d+qLx? ;DdnfO{ s] s'/fsf] :ki6 1fg
/x]g 5 eGg] a'lemof] eg] k|hft+q (monarchical democracy) nf]st+q cyf{t u0ft+q (republican) sf] leGgtf ;Dd yfxf /x]g 5 . hgandf cfPsf] cfGbf]ng k|hft+q /fht+qsf]
lglDt xf]Og . Tof] cfGbf]ng h;n] 1fg]Gb|nfO{ 3'8f ;Dd 6]sfpg ;kmn eof] nf]st+q (republican) cyf{t u0ft+q (republican) sf] lglDt lyof] . hgtf k|f0fsf] afhL
nufP/ ;dlk{t eP/ 3/af6 ljbf eP/ zlxb x'gsf] lglDt d}bfgdf lg:s]sf lyP . ;xL
g]t[Tj ePg afFb/sf] xftdf gl/jn pvfg h:t} eof] . hgtfnfO{ cl3 a8g lbg' kYof]{ .
kf/;nfO{ / 1fg]Gb|nfO{ s}b ug{' kYof]{ / Tof] 7fpFdf /fi6«klt b]vf kg{' kYof]{
. cfhsf oL v'Fvf/ b]lvPsfx? ;+f8] eP/ 8'qmg]x?n] ;'Os'Rrf 7f]Sy] . ;]gfn] slt
dfYof]{, xhf/ < b'O xhf/ < aL; klr; xhf/ < ;d:o ;+w}nfO{ tx nfuYof] .
s+u|];df t ljkLb]lv lnP/ cfh;Dd s'g} klg b"/bzL{ / /fi6«eQm g]tf 5}g . ;a}
/fi6«eQm xf]Og /fhfeQm dfq b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;a} rGbg] sGbg], 9+'ufnfO{ b"b
dfG5]nfO{ d't v'jfpg] ;+:sf/df hGd]/ kflnPsf 9flnPsf . ljkL s+u|];sf dxfdfgj /
chDa/L g]tf . t/ p k|hftf+lqs g]tf lyP . nf]stf+lqs (republican) u0ftf+lqs (republican) xf]Og . jLkLn] k|hftf+lqs ;dfhafb
eGy] . To;} sf/0f s+u|];sf] y]uf]g} eP/ lha|f]df e'm08]sf] 5, k|hftf+lqs
;dfhafb . ljkLsf] /fhg}lts ljrf/ 3f/fsf] ulx/fO{ o;}af6 yfxf x'G5, p;df
/fhg}lts ulx/fO{ slt lyof] eg]/ . k|hft+qdf ;dfhafb g} x'Fb}g . k|hft+q
;fdGtafb s} k|lts xf], h;sf] d'xfg / k|tLs /fht+q xf] . ;fdGtL s} k|tLs xf]
6'KkL klg . of] k|yf lrgsf] s'g} s'g} k|fGtsf] ;fdGtLx?df lyof] . ;got;]g hf]
lrgsf klxnf] /fi6«klt eP / /fht+qsf] lj/f]wdf p7], pg} ;got;]gn] klg klxnf
6'KkL kfNy] . cd]l/sf k8\g hfFbf ;got;]gsf] 6'KkL b]v]/ e'/fx? pb]s dfGy]Ù
e'mlDdP/ x]y]{ / luhfpFy] . ;got;]g /ftf] lk/f] eP/ csdSs ky]{ . kl5 pgn] 6'KkL
vf}l/lbP . kl5 pgn] eGg] uy]{ d]/f] lr08] tfn'sf] 6'kL t d';fsf] k'R5/ h:tf] jf
af]sfsf] bf/L h:tf] -af]s] bf/L_ kf] b]lvGy] 5 .
k|hft+qdf ;dfhafb b]Vg]
-;dfhafb k|hft+qdf x'Fb}g, nf]st+q cyjf u0ft+qdf dfq x'G5 . ljkL !(^* df h]n
d'Qm ePkl5 ef/t efl;P . log} /fhg}lts cb"/bzL{ afx'gafbL s+u|]; g]tf eGg]
uy]{ æg]kfnn] :jt+q d'n'ssf] ?kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;b:otf kfpg} ;Q}mg .Æ t/
g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf kfof] / clxn] klg 5 . s+u|];sf dxfdfgj jL/
ljkL km]n . clxn]sf] g]kfnL s+u|];sf] gfd klxn] g]kfnL
/fi6«Lo s+u|]; lyof] . æg]kfn jf:tjdf ef/tl;t leGg 5}g . lxGb':yfg l;t p;sf]
;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts ;DaGw ;bf;j{bf cIf'Gg /x+b}
cfPsf] 5Æ eg]/ hgj/L @%, !($& df ;xL ug]{ klg log} lyP . o:tf dg'afbL
9'+ufnfO{ b"b dfG5]nfO{ d't v'jfpg] ;+:sf/df hGd]/ x's]{sf ljkLn] oxfFsf
d'naf;Lsf] pGgltsf] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;Qm}gy] . o;}sf/0f u0f]zdfgnfO{
sf7df08" vfN6f]sf hgtfnfO{ hf]tfpgsf] lglDt sdf08/ dfq 7fg] /fhlgtL1 xf]Og
. dfcf]jfbL /fd axfb"/sf] l:ylt klg sdf08/ r't] ;Dddf g} l;ldt /xg] 5 .
To; kl5 n't] / e't]df bl/g] 5 . g]kfnL s+u|];sf] :yfkgf klg To;}sf] lglDt ePsf]
klg pNn]v 5 . To;sf] csf]{ lbg hgj/L @^, !($& df nut} csf]{ aQmJo k|sflzt
eof] s+u|];sf] tkm{af6 . To;df elgPsf] lyof] . æjf:tjdf g]kfn / ef/t b'O b]z
xf]Og . s] hftLo b[li6n], s] cfly{s b[li6n] ;a} k|sf/n] g]kfn ef/ts} Pp6f k|d'v
c+u xf] . cfh
/fhlgtL b[li6n] h'g leGgtf b]lvG5Ù To;sf] d"n s'6lgtL1 / :jyL{
/fhlgtL1x?sf] -dg'jfbL afx'g 5]qLx?sf]_ rfn afhLdfq xf] .Æ o:tf afx'gx?n]
oxfFsf d"naf;L clxGb" d+uf]n /fi6«x?sf] pGgltsf] sNkgf ug{ ;S5g\ <
d"naf;L clxGb" d+uf]n /fi6« -g]kfn /fi6«leqsf /fi6«x?_ sf] pGglt ug{' t stf xf] stf ;f]Rg
;Dd ;Qm}gg\ . of] ;f]rn] / d+uf]n, d"naf;L, clxGb' zAbn] ltgLx?nfO{
sfp;f]n] h:tf] lrnfpF5, d?e"lddf tfltPsf] afn'jfn] h:t} eTelt kf]N5 .
Oiof{ x'G5 / logLx?sf] pTyfgdf ltgLx? cfˆgf] j+zhsf] ktg b]V5g\ . ef/tdf nfdf]
;do ljtfP kl5 / To;tfsfsf ef/tLo /fhlgtL zfifsx?n] ;a} k|sf/sf ;'ljwfx? ;lxt
;'/Iff k|aGw x6fP kl5 ljkL nufotsf l6d g]kfn kms{g afWo eP . d]n
ldnfksf] gf/f lbP/ !(&% df g]kfn kms]{ . To; kl5 lz/dfyL /fhfnfO{ /fVg}
kg]{ b]v] ljkL efO{ luhf{n] . clxn] klg /fhfsf] bof dfof cflz/afb vf]h]/
lz/dfyL 1fg]Gb| /fhfnfO{ /fVg vf]h] h:t} nfrf/ eP/ ljZj lxGb' kl/ifbsf]
x's'dnfO{
lz/f]wfO{ u/]/ lxGb' /fhfnfO{ 6fpsf]df /fvL wd{lg/k]IfnfO{ vNanfpFb} xfFs lbPsf
ljkLn] klg ljZjlxGb' kl/ifbsf] x's'dnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L ef/tnfO{ lrg lj?4 prfNg]
lgotn] hf]/bf/ cfjfh p7fP . aQmAodf eg] ærLgn] g]kfnnfO{ lgNg] 5 . To;y{ ef/tn]
x:tIf]k ug{' k5{ .Æ oxfF klg s+u|];sf dxfdfgj, jL/ jLkL ;jf]{Rr g]tf km]n . g
cfh ;Dd rLgn] g]kfn lgNof] g t ef/t cfpg' k/of] . k/Gt' ef/tsf jLkL eGbf stfxf]
stf kl/kSs g]tfx?n] jLkLsf] uxg egfOnfO{ l;dnsf] e'jf;+u bfFh]/ x]/] . cefjdf
efp kfPsf ckl/kSs s+u|];L g]tfdfq ;+em] . log} ljkLsf efO luhf{ k|;fb sf]O/fnf
x'g h;n] !(^* df eg]sf lyP . æ/fhg}lts b[i6Lsf]0fn] !(%) / cfhsf] cj:yf Ps} 5 .
g]kfnL s+u|]; ;xof]usf] lglDt ef/tsf] kl5 bu'b}{g . c? ljb]zL zlQmsf] kl5 klg
nfUb}g g xfdL s;}sf] kl5 g} nfU5f}+ .Æ o;kN6 nf]st+q cyf{t u0ft+qsf] lglDt
r/0fa4 ?kdf cl3 a8]sf] sfo{qmd lgs} 7"nf] dfqfdf ;kmn eP kl5 / lhkL s}
kf]N6fdf k|wfg d+qL kb k'u] kl5 ;a} eGbf klxnf emf]nL yfKg ef/tg} k'u] / dbt
dfUg /fi6«;+3df k'u]sf 5g\ . d}n] t ;f]r]sf] lyP+ æluhf{ k|;fb lgs} cf+l6
s+u]|;L g]tf xf]nfg / of] b]zsf] klxnf] /fi6«klt g} x'g] of]Uosf xf]nfg .Æ o;}
ljrf/df ljZj:t eP/ d}n] hgcf:yfdf k|sflzt gf]e]Dj/ !^, @))% sf] cGt/jftf{df
ælhkLn] jf dfcf]jfbLsf k|d'v g]tf k'ik sdn bfxfnn] of] b]zsf] /fi6«klt agf];Æ
eg]sf] lyP+ . h;/L ePtf klg / hf] sf]xL ePtf klg ztfAbLcf}+ ztfAbL
k'/fgf] hxfgLo ;fdGtL, zf]ifs, tfgfzfxf, e|i6rf/L /fht+qsf] lgd{'n ePsf]
rfxGy]+ d . d dfq xf]Og nf]st+q (republican) cyf{t u0ft+q (republican) rfx]/ k|f0f Tofu]/ ;8sdf cf]n]{sf
ljzfn cfGbf]ngsf/L / o; k|lt uxg / cys kl/>d ug]{ cfF6L ;r]t j'l4lhjLx? klg
rfxGy] . k/Gt' o:t} ktg eO ;s]sf :jfyL{ e|i6rf/L, nfnrL g]tfx?n] cfGbf]ngsf]
efjgfnfO{ w'nf]df ldnfO lbP .
g]tf / g]t[Tj ug]{ JolQm
;+3} hgtf eGbf cl3 x'G5g\ . hgtf cl3 cl3 g]tfx? rflx+ ;+w} Tofu, nfnr, :jfy{,
e|i6rf/df kNs]/ cNem]/ kl5 kl5 x'g] xf] eg] ltgLx? hgtfsf] k'R5/ xf] s] sf]
g]tf < jln{g kvf{nnfO{ x]/]/ ;fob !(^# tfsf hf]gPkm s]g]8Ln] eg]sf lyP .
æof] aln{g kvf{n Ps lbg Oltxf;df l;ldt x'g]5 . em08} lt; aif{ kl5 To:t} eof] .
hd{g Plss/0f klg eof] . s]g]8Ln] x]g{ kfPgg t/ pgsf] eljio jf0fL k'/f eof] .
To:tf b"/bzL{ kf] g]tf . oxfFsf g]tf t hgtfn] /]l8d]8 jgfO lbPsf] cj:yfdf
8fG; ug]{ . oxfFsf g]tfx?df lrGtg dgg s]xL 5}g . g t 5 /fhg}lts lehg .
logLx?sf] lehg eg]sf] ufpFsf clzlIft ;dfhdf s] eGbf ef]6 a6'lnG5 Tof] u/]/
cfof] /fhfsf] jf /fhf;+u ;DalGwt zlQmzfnL JolQmsf] rfs/L ahf/of] dGqL aGof] h]
ubf{ k};f a6'lnG5 ToxL u/of] a; . cfGbf]ngsf] nf]st+q cyf{t u0ft+qsf] cfjfhn]
cf+lw j]/L NofO ;Sof] oL g]tfx? jf]Nbf efif0f ubf{ km]l/ klg elg /x]sf 5g\Ù
k|hft+q . oxfF s;}n] klg æ/fhf km]+s]/ /fi6«klt x'g] sNkgf ;Dd klg ug{ ;s]sf
/x]g 5g\Æ eg]/ 5n{u b]vfof] . ca csf]{ cfGbf]ngn] /fi6«klt x'g cfF6 ug]{ g]tf
vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . !(() ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngn] ax'bn rfx]sf] lyof] . Tof] cfpg ;fy
efusf] lglDt emD6f emD6L eof] . sf]xL s'tf{ kfohfdfdf / s'g} sf]6 Kof06df klg
b]lvP . d+qL kfpg ;fy cfsfz 5'g 7fl8Psf] af+;sf] ln+uf] km]l/ lgx'l/P/ cfˆg}
km]b 5'g k'u] . km]l/ pxL /fh:yfgL kf];fsdf 7f+l6P . o;kN6sf] cfGbf]ngn] klg
ToxL b]vfof] . /fh:yfgL kf]ifs bf}/f -8f]/f_ ;'?jfndf -;/jfn_ 7f+l6P kl5 kSsf
/fi6«afbL . t/ cGt/fi6«Lo ;'6 / 6fO;Dddf 7f+l6g] / t/fOsfn] cfˆg} efiff lxGbLdf
af]Nbf / sf]6 Kof06df ;ky u|x0f ubf{ Aofª xfGg]nfO{ em6f/f] xfg]/ hjfj lbg ;s]g
a? t'?Gt} dfly eg]em} af+;sf] ln+uf] em} lgx'l/P . of] ;+;b / d+qLx?n] u|x0f
ug]{ k|tL1f klg ;ky geP/ s'ky em} nfU5 dnfO t . s] Tof] ;kydf hgtfnfO{ wf]sf
lbg'–e|i6rf/ ug{'–/fi6«k|lt j]OdfgL x'g'TofbL g/fd|f / s'k|efjsf s'/fx? dfq
n]lvPsf 5g\ ls < hgtf nf]st+q (republican) cyjf u0ft+qdf (republican) df k'uL;s] kl5 e]ife'iff eg]sf]
cfˆgf] rfxgfg';f/ nufpg' kfpg' k5{ . To;df aGb]h x'g' x'Fb}g . /fh:yfgL
/fhfsf] /fh:yfgL kf]iffsnfO{ /fi6«Lo kf]zfs eGg] ;f]rnfO{ ldNsfO lbg' k5{ .
;+;bdf klg lxGbL / c+u|]hLnfO{ klg v; efiff ;/x dfGotf lbOg' k5{ .
t/fO klg g]kfn s} c+u g x'g\ . s'dfp / u8jfn kxf8df kg]{ ljlQs} ToxfFaf6 leq]/
zf;g ;Qf cfˆgf] k]jf ;+emg' x'Fb}g . 1fg]Gb|n] /fi6«nfO{ cfˆgf] k'Vof}nL k]jf
;+embf s] ePsf] 5 < To;sf] kmn t ef]Ug afFlsg} 5 . ;'?jft dfq ePsf] 5 .
;+;bdf cyjf d+qL k|wfg d+qL /fi6«klt eP kl5
-ca /fi6«nfO{ /fhf xf]Og /fi6«klt rflxPsf] 5 . bf]rf nufj; ls aSv'Ù g]s6fO /
sf]6 Kof06 wf]tL / ;/jfn nufpg ls s'tf{ kfohfdf s] dtna < cfˆgf] ;'ljwfsf]
kf]zfs nufpg] xf] . 6]l8P/ 6]8] cfFvfn] x]g]{ k6 d'v{ xf] . cltjfbL / clt
;+s'lrt x'g' xf] . s+u|];sf luhf{ g?r]sf] uf+; ePtf klg clgsfnsf] dfu ePsf / csf]{
ljsNk geP ;Dd k|wfg d+qLdf ;xL yfKg g} kg]{ ePsf] 5 . luhf{nfO{ cfˆg} 5f]/L
;'hftfn] 6]l/gg Kof/ h+u yfkfn] s] 6]g]{ < Kof/h+u t ;}lgs k|d'v eP/ xf] jf
leq leq} 1fg]Gb|;+u ;f+7 uf+7 ldnfO /x]sfn] xf] luhf{nfO{ / ;+;b nufot ;a}nfO{
6]/ k'R5/ nufPsf 5}gg\ . ;'hftfn] lsg lg <
g]kfnsf sltko p8Gt] va/
p8fpg klg kl5 k/]sf 5}gg\ . sf]O/fnf kl/jf/nfO{ ef/tsf] g]x? kl/jf/ ;+u bfFh]/
x]5{g /] . Tolt dfq xf]Og ;'hftfnfO{ efjL k|wfg d+qLsf] eljiojf0fL ug]{ h:tf]
/fhg}tLs cgle1ftf / d"v{tf klg bzf{O/x]sf 5g\ . g]x?hL] t afa' afh]s}
kfnfb]lv sflZd/L
kl/lis[t kl/jf/ / pRr lzlIft kl/jf/sf lyP . sf]O/fnf kl/jf/sf ;a} eGbf j];L
lzIff xfl;n ug]{ jLkL g} xf]nfg\ . ca lzlIft ag]/ s+u|]; ;b:o ag]sfx? afx]s .
g]x?hLsf] kl/jf/nfO{ e|i6rf/sf] …eÚ n] klg 5f]Psf] lyPg / cfgGb ejg h:tf] ljzfn
dxn / hldg /fi6«sf] gfddf ul/lbg] kl/jf/ x'g\ . t/ sf]O/fnf kl/jf/nfO{ ulxl/P/
x]g]{ xf] eg] lxhf] cl:t;Dd s] lyof] / xfn sdfPsf] ;Dklt s] af6 cfh{g ePsf] xf]
< e|i6rf/ ug{ / b]z 8'jfpgdf df}sf kfP 1fg]Gb|, dx]Gb| eGbf / /fh;+:yf / To;
;+u ;DalGwtx? eGbf s] sd x'g ;Snfg / < g]x? kl/jf/ ;';+:s[t kl/is[t / lzlIft
kl/jf/ dWo]sf x'g . pgLx?sf] p7j;, j}rfl/s cfbfg k|bfg / lbgxf} h:tf] e]63f6
s'/fsfgL x'g] ;dfhn] pgLx? cs}{ ;+:sf/df 9flnPsf 5g\ . g]x?hL æuf]? sf6g x'Gg
uf]?sf] df;' vfg' x'GgÆ eg]/ ufO uf]? sf6bf lj/f]w ug]{x?sf] lj/f]wL lyP .
PskN6 uf]/Ifssf] gf/fdf n+u6 ;fw'x?n] gf/f h'n'; lgsfNbf huN6f wf/L ;fw'x?nfO{
;fkmL emfF6]/ k7fPsf lyP . g]x?hL /fhf /hf}6fsf lj/f]wL lyP . o;} sf/0f ef/tsf
kfFr ;o /fhf /hf}6fnfO{ :jfxf kf/] eg] sf]O/fnf kl/jf/ ufOnfO{ /fi6«Lo lrGxdf
/fvL c?sf] wd{df cf3ft k'/fpg] wd{ lg/k]Ifsf lj/f]wL, /fheQm / /fh;+:ysf]
:jy{df cfˆgf] klg :jfy{ n's]sf] b]v]/ h] klg ug{ glx+lRsrfO To;af6 cfˆgf] :jy{
k'/fug]{ / wg sdfpg] dWo]sf x'g . o:t} x?sf] xftdf k/]/ g} g]kfn ;}s8f}+ aif{ kl5
ws]lnPsf] 5 . s+u|];sf] bf]>f] lk8Ldf b]vf k/]sf / cln ljzfntf jf]s]sf
g]tfdf g/x/L cfrfo{ dfq b]lvG5g\ . ljBfyL{ g]tfx?df uug yfkf . obL logLx?
cfˆgf] l;bfGtdf 8udufPgg eg] . cfrfo{hL sltsf] cfFl65g\ Tof] t ls6fg ;fy eGg
;lsPg . luhf{ kl5 c? t sfd} gnfUg] sGbg] / rGbg] dg'jfbL ;]/f]km]/f]sf 5g\ .
casf g]tf 1fg]Gb| / 1fg]Gb|sf jkmfbf/ ;]gf k|d'vx?sf] cflz/afbdf afFRg rfxg]
lhkL sf]O/fnf, s]kL cf]nL h:tf xf]Ogg /fh;+:yfnfO{ ldNsfP/ /fi6«klt x'g]
ljrf/sf x'g}k5{ . clkt'
/fi6«klt sDo'lgi6 d'n'ssf] / tfgfzfxL ;}lgs d'n'ssf] h:tf geP/ ef/t h:tf]
nf]st+fGqLs d'n'ssf] cyjf cd]l/sf h:tf] d'n'sf] x'g' k5{ .
tyf slyt Pdfn]df t /fi6«klt
t xf]Og k|wfgd+qL aGg] nfossf JolQmTjg} 5}g . Pdfn] ljdfn] xf] cyf{t lju|]sf]
dfn] eg]/ d}n] clU3Nnf] k':tsx?df dfq xf]Og hg cf:yfdf k|sflzt cGtjftf{df klg
eg]sf] 5' . b]pjfn] t nf]st+q / u0ft+qsf] 7fpFdf klg k|hftf+lqs s+u|]; eg]/ cyjf }ltt+q, sdf/ft+q s+u|];
elgg} /x]sf 5g\ . ;"o{ axfb"/ yfkf / kz'klt zDz]/n] em} . Pdfn]g]tf
pkk|wfg d+qL s]kL cf]nL t slt;Dd gfFuf] eP/ afx'g rl/q b]vfpg pT;flxt eof] eg]
h'g k|wfg d+qLn] pgnfO{ pk agfPsf lyP pg}n] lhDdfaf/ lbP/ pkk|wfg d+qL agfOPsf]
clds ;]/rgnfO{ b'O lbg klg ;xg ;s]g . ;fob pgL d+uf]n ePsfn] klg x'g ;S5
. tyf slyt Pdfn]af6 k|wfg d+qL agfOPsf dgdf]xg clwsf/L k|wfg d+qL x'g;fy sfnf] af]sfsf]
ef]u r8fPsf lyP em08fnfO{ . g]kfnsf d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nnfO{ /fIf; agfP/
afx'gx?nfO{ b]jtfsf] ;Gtfg agfO b]jf;'/ ;+u|fd n]Vg] df]bgfy k|l;tn] d+qL
agfOg' ;fy lznfGof; ubf{ afx'g k8fP/ lznfGof; u/]sf lyP . ev{/} d+qL agfOPsf
k|bLk 1fjfnLn] klg d+qL eP kl5 em08fnfO{ sfnf] af]sfsf] /ftf] /ut ef]u r8fP .
dfcf]jfbL sxlnPsf bf]>f] bhf{sf g]tf afa' /fd e§/fOn] klg cfdfsf] dg /fVg]
lgx'Fdf dgsfdgf dlGb/ ;Dd sfnf] af]sf 8f]/fP/ k'u]s} x'g . logLx?n] r8fPsf]
sfnf] af]sfsf] /ut / /ut r8fpg] k/+k/fafbL t/ qmfGtLsf]
gf/flbg] tyfslyt sDo'lgi6x?df / blIf0f sfnLnfO{ sfnf] af]sfsf] ef]u lbg] /
;]tf] d'/f aln lbg] 1fg]Gb|df s] km/s < oL lxGb'jfbL, k/Dk/fafbL ?l8jfbL,
dg'jfbL ;dfhsf] ;+:sf/df hGd]/ x's]{sf g]tfx? qmfGtLsf/L x'g} ;Qm}gg\ . x'g
vf]h] klg ltgLx?sf cfkmGtut gftf / ;+lsg{ Jojxf/ ljrf/ ;+:sf/sf] nufdn]
klR5nlt/ g} tflglbgfn] ltgLx? /fhfs} ghlbs x'g ?rfpF5g\ / /fhfs} ghlbs x'G5g\
klg . ca d dfcf]afb tkm{ n+s'+ . dfcf]afb s;/L hGDof] g]kfndf < d}n] dflyg}
klg eg]sf] 5' . dfS;{afbL bz{gdf dfS;{ cfkm} k5fl/Psf ePtf klg / /l;ofdf Ps;o
aif{ klg k'Ug gkfO krxQ/ aif{df g} Nofª ˆofª ePsf] ePtf klg xfd|f] l5d]sL ljzfn
/fi6« rLgdf dfcf]jfb cfpg'sf] sf/0f / ;kmn x'g'sf] sf/0f bf]>f] ljZjo'4sf]
k|efj, :6flngsf] 7"nf] cfsf/sf] dbb, zf]ifs au{ / zf]liftau{ Pp6} a+zhLo (race) gftf d+uf]n ePsf]n] xf] . g]kfn / ef/tdf oxfF
zf]ifs / zf]lift au{ dfemsf] n8fO+ xf]Og . of] t gf/f dfq xf] / xflQsf] bfFt
xf]Og bf/f dfq xf] . g]kfn / ef/tdf /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]tfx? ;a} h:tf] lxGb'
cfo{ afx'g 5]qL g} 5g\ / oxfF / ToxfFsf d"naf;Lx? l5Gg leGg cj:yfdf wgsf]
u/La, a'l4 / ljj]sdf u/La lzIffdf u/Lj agfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf] /fhg}lts
n8fO{ eg]sf] ;xL cy{df aflx/af6 ef/t / g]kfn leq]sf lxGb' cfo{ / g]kfn / ef/tsf
d"naf;L cgfo{x? dfemsf] n8fO+ xf] . ;xL cy{df b'j} d'n'ssf d'naf;L d+uf]n
x'g\ . g]kfndf hghftLsf] k|of]u bf]>f] kN6sf] ax'bn kl5 cyf{t !(() tfsf
bjf{/Lo ;8o+qsf] sf/0fn] leqfOPsf] xf] . g]kfndf s+u|]; eGbf klg tyfslyt
sDo'lgi6 / ;j{xf/f hgtfnfO{ ;j{xf/f gf/fdf e'mSofP/ cfk"mx? ;j{e/f x'g]
;8o+qsf] dxfhfnf] xf] . oxfFsf d"naf;LnfO{ hghftL gfdfs/0f u/L s]xL jif{
kl5 pl7jf; u/fpg] ;8oGqdf of] zAb k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;a} kf6L{n] Jofks
k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]sf 5g\ . of] baf{/Lo ;8o+qsf] zAbnfO{ ps]nL nufpg / dnhnxfNg
tyfslyt dfskf g]tf df]xg ljqmd l;+x / xfn dfcf]abL aGg k'u]sf ;'/]; cfn]sf]
ultnf] e"ldsf 5 . of] ;8\oGqsf] dxfhfnf]df df5f agfO leqfPsf zAb uf]/vk'/]
sDo'lgi6 clwj]zgaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . cflbaf;L zAbrflx lj/f6gu/sf] clwj]zgaf6
sDo'lgi6 gfd wf/L hfb'jfnfx?n] ;[hgf u/]sf x'g\ . dfcf]afbLsf] qmflGtsf/L gf/f
clGtd gf/f xf] sDo'lgi6sf] lglDt . g]kfn / ef/tsf d"naf;Lx? cToGt} zf]lift
agfOPsfn] logLx?nfO{ rfF8} 5'g] klg u5{ . logLx?nfO{ ;lhn} xltof/ agfP/ k|of]u
ug{ klg ;lhnf] 5 . clkt' o;/L zf]lift, lkl8t, agfP/ n'6g] klg log} ljb]zL lxGb'
cfo{ afxg' 5]qLs} k'vf{ x'g . h'g ;Toftf d"naf;Lx?n] olQ rfF8f] a'emgg}
;Qm}gg\ . lsGt' a'emg] lbg klg 6f8f] 5}g . oxL æ;Tof s'/fx? ga'emf];Æ eg]/ g}
TofxfFsf ax' ;+Vofs d"naf;Lx?nfO{ ljleGg gf/fx?df, k|nf]egdf 8/ qf; b]vfP/
ljefhg u/]/ /fVg] sfd u/]sf x'G5g\ / ltgLx? æPsfk;df gh'6f];Æ, eg]/ ;8o+qsf
ljleGg uf]l6 rfNg] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . lrgdf klg dfcf]x? xfg j+zhsf x'g /
logLx?nfO{ l5Gg leGg kf/]/ /fv]sf lyP . dfcf]sf] qmflGtdf rfpPgnfO{n] cfhLjg
;fy lbP . qmflGtsf] bla{og dfcf]n] !(#$–#^ b'O aif{df !@ xhf/ % ;o lsnf] ld6/
lx8]/ l5rf]n]sf lyP . ufpFsf zf]ifs, ;fdGt, km6fxfx?nfO{ 5fgL 5fgL df/]sf lyP /
ufpFsf] lhDdf TofxLsf ufpFn]x?nfO{ 5fg]/ lbg] uy]{ . of] cleognfO{ ;+;f/n]
nªdfr{sf] gfdn] lrGb 5 . g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] bz aif{sf] blj{ogdf slt
lsnf] ld6/ kf/ u/] Tof] dfcf]jfbL
sfd/]8x?nfO{ g} /fd|/L yfxf x'g] s'/f xf] . oxL nª dfr{ (Long March) sf] blj{ofgdf dfcf]n] cg';f;g
ljifodf klg lzIff lbPsf lyP . Tof] lzIffdf d'Vo ?kdf cf7 a'+bf lyof] . s_
ltd|f] sfd OdfGbf/L k'j{s kfng u/ . v_ hgtfsf] Pp6f l;of] w/L gn]p, Ps k};f
gn'6 / Ps;/f] wfuf] klg gvf]; . u_ xft kf/]sf] hDd} a:t' kmsf{p . To; afx]s
cToGt Wofg lbg' kg]{ cf7 a'Fbfdf dfcf]n] eg]sf 5g\ . !_ gd|tf ;fy af]n . @_
ltdLn] h] lsG5f} To;sf] plrt d'No r'sfp . #_ s'g} j:t' sfd rnfpg'sf] lglDt
lnPsf] eP af]s]/ glx+8 kmsf{O b]p . $_ s'g} a:t'' eTsfof} eg] To;sf] d"No
r'sfp . %_ hgtfnfO{ k|xf/ gu/ . lqmof v'jfpg] sfd klg gu/ . ^_ cGgafnLnfO{
gf]S;fg gk'/fp . &_ :jf:gL dfG5]sf] :jflwgtf xgg gu/ . *_ jGbLx? k|lt
cg'lrt Jojxf/ gu/ . -!(&@ df k|sflzt /]8a'ssf] k[i6 @!^–@!&_ g]kfnsf
dfcf]jfbL gfdfs/0fsf JolQmx?n] o;sf] ljk/Lt n'6kf6 lx+;f, v'Fvf/ Jojxf/, s'6g]
n'6g] u/]sf] dfq k8gdf kfOG5 ;'Ggdf cfpF5 . dfgf} dfcf]jfbL n8fO+ /fhlgtL geP/
xltof/ wf/L 8s}t x'g .
g]kfnsf] d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL
;Ddsf] nDafO Ps xhf/lsnf] ld6/ nfdf] x'g ;S5 . o;/L x]bf{ dfcf] rfcf] / pgsf
d'lQm ;]gfn] afx| j6f g]kfnsf] ndfOsf] b'/L kf/ u/]sf a'lemG5 eg] g]kfnsf
dfcf]afbL g]tfx? cf7 aif{ ;Dd ef/tsf] ;fwfg ;DkGg 5]qx?df ljtfP/ ufpFsf
sfo{stf{x?nfO{ a'h{'jf lzIff ;fdGtafbsf] gfddf :s"nx? aGb ug{ nufP/ xfd|f
d"naf;Lx?nfO{ lzIffaf6 a+lrt u/fpg] sfd / /f]huf/Laf6 j]sf/L u/fpg] sfd g}
j];L ;+rfng u/]sf b]lvG5 . lt sfo{stf{ h;n] a'h{'jf lzIff elg/x]sf 5g\
ltgLx?nfO{ g} yfxf 5}g xf]nf a'h{'jf eg]sf] s] xf] < t/ csf]{ lt/ ltgsf
g]tfx?n] g} a'h{'jf lzIff lnPsf 5g\ / ltgLx?sf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ a'h{'jf dfq
xf]Og dxf a'h{'jf lzIff lbO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fdGtLsf] gfddf ljb]zaf6 sdfP/ NofPsf
cyjf k]6 s;]/ sdfPsfnfO{ n'6g] / ufpF3/af6 pl7jf; nufP/ cfk"mx?n] sAhf u/L
cfˆgf] :jfy{ l;4 ug]{ sfd k|r'/ dfqfdf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . c;nL ;fdGtLnfO{ 5'g
;s]sf 5}gg . ;fdGtL s;nfO{ elgG5 < lt sfo{stf{nfO{ t s] w]/} h;f] g]tfnfO{
g} yfxf 5}g xf]nf . sDo'lgi6 d'n'ssf dxfg / k|d'v g]tfx?sf] kl/efiffg';f/
;fdGtL To;nfO{ elgG5 h;n] c?nfO{ dfq hf]tfP/ ltgLx?sf] sdfOdf a;La;L vfG5g\,
bu'/L lx85g\, g]tflu/L u/]/ 7"N7"nf efif0f 5f+65g\ . g]kfndf t
dfcf]afbLn] dg gk/]sfnfO{ / cfkm} v]t af/Ldf v6]/ ljb]z uP/ cln cln hf]xf] u/]/
NofPsfaf6 cfDbfgL vf]:g k/of] ;fdGtLsf] ljNnf le8fP/ n'6of] . ePg uf]nL
7f]Sof], Gofo lbPsf] k|rf/ ul/lbof] j; . ;'Id ?kdf s]nfP/ x]g{ ;s]sf] v08df @)Ü
;a} afx'g 5]qL ;fdGtL zf]ifs x'g / *)Ü d"naf;L d+uf]n ;a} zf]lift /
;j{xf/f x'g . of] :ki6 5 d}n] dfly lbPsf] cf+s8fg';f/ . t/ xfd|f clxGb'
d"naf;L d+uf]n wgan, a'l4an, ;a}df lgj{n agfOPsf 5g\ . clzlIft agfOPsf 5g\
/ k5f}6fOPsf 5g\ . o;f];n] olt ulxl/P/ x]g]{ a'Qfg} 5}g . xfdL k5f}l6Psf
xf]Ogf} k5f}6fOPsf xf}+ . dfcf]afbLsf] gfddf nl8Psf] n8fO+ lhtg] / ;Dk"0f{
/fHo ;Qf xftdf lng ;Sg] n8fO+ g} xf]Og . t/ Ps kN6 dfcf]afbLn] sJhf u/]sf] eP
xfd|f] u/Lj hgtfsf] sDo'lgi6 /fHo agfpg] wf]sf] ;w}sf] lglDt k'/f x'GYof] / rfxgf
t[i0ff ;+w}sf] lglDt d]l6GYof] . To; k|sf/sf] kfiff0f o'u] Joj:yf w]/} lbg l6Sg
;Sg] klg lyPg . tyfslyt Pdfn]sf] gf} dlxg] zf;g h:tf] oxfF /fh;Qf ;+w}sf] lglDt
gs{ nf]udf efl;GYof] . Tof] n8fO l9nf] l56f] clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]n / lxGb'
cfo{ dfemdf g} x'GYof] . To;}nfO{ dWof gh/ u/]/ g} d}n] cfˆgf] sfo{stf{x?nfO{
xltof/ p7fpg lbOg+ . xltof/ p7fpg ;lhnf] 5 . t/ To;nfO{ cg'zfl;t 9+un] lj;fpg
Tolts} ufx|f] klg 5 . hf] clxn] dfcf]afbL g]tfx? s} egfO sfo{stf{x?n] dflg/x]sf
5}gg\ . lsg ls dfcf]afbL sfo{stf{x?n] dfcf]afbLsf] gfddf xltof/ ljxLg hgtfnfO{
ysf{P/ cfˆgf] :jy{ ;lhn} k'/f ug{
kfO/x]sf 5g\ . c;xfo hgtfnfO{ ysf{pg], lk6g], >d l;lj/df k7fpg], hUuf hldg
n'6g]x?n] /fhkl/jf/ / ltgLx? ;+u ;DalGwtx?sf] t Pp6} 3/ / Ps lj3f hUuf klg sAhf
ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ lg lsg < emfkfdf ePsf] /fhkl/jf/sf] lrof sdfg / TofxfF ePsf]
Pp6} klg 3/ / Ps} lj3f hldg klg sAhf u/]/ e"ldxLgnfO{ af6g ;s]sf] 5}g <
/fhwfgLsf] t s] s'/f . @))! sf] ;'?df d]/f] e|d0f tfKn]h'ªsf s]xL ufpFx?df x'g]
ePsf] lyof] . d tfKn]h'ª ;b/ d'sfd k'u]sf] ef]nL kN6 dfcf]afbLx?sf] ;;:q
8ˆkmfn] tfKn]h'ª ahf/df u:tL u/of] csf]{ lbg d / d]/f ;fyLx? ;b/ d'sfd eGbf
w]/} 6f8f]sf] sfo{qmddf pkl:yt x'g ljxfg} lx8of}+ . lglZrt 7fpFdf k'Ug dnfO{
em08} !@ 306f nfUof] . a]n'sL % ah]sf] lyof] / vf]nf lsgf/df a;]/ xft v'§f w'+b}
ubf{ aGb'ssf] tLg kmfo/sf] cfjfh cfof] . ;fyLx?n] eg] æxfd|f] sfo{qmd x'g] 7fpF
lt/ g} k8sfof] uf]nL .Æ d}n] eg], æufpF 7fpFdf t ljx] a6'ndf / afFb/ t;f{pg klg
k8sfp5 v+b'jf aGb's .Æ k'Ug kg]{ 7fpFdf a]n'sL &M#) ah] k'luof] . ef]nL
kN6sf] sfo{qmddf ljxfg} b]lv cfpg yfn] sfo{stf{ ;fyLx? . csf]{ lbg ljxfg} yfxf
eof] xfd|f sfo{stf{x? s} ufpFdf dfcf]afbLn] k8sfPsf /x]5g\ clU3Nnf] lbgsf] tLg
kmfo/ . Tof] ufpFdf nf]Ug] dfG5]sf] ljp ;Dd dfl;Psf] lyof] /] k[YjL
gf/fo0f zfxfsf] ;]gf ;+u n8bf . To; Onfsfsf s]xL 7fpFx?sf] efif0f e"if0f /
c? sfo{qmd l;WofP/ tfKn]h'ª kms]{ kl5 d}n] k"j{df d+uf]nsf] /fhwfgL agfpg]
klg ljrf/]sf] xf] d]rL sf]zLnfO{ ldnfP/ . @))! sf] h'nfOdf xltof/ p7fpg] ljrf/
klg
u/]sf] x'+ . clkt' d s'g} klg gfddf s'g} klg kf6L{sf] d+uf]nnfO{ le8fP/ d+uf]nsf]
gf; ug]{ kIfdf klg lyOg+ . lsg eg] ;a} kf6L{sfx?nfO{ slxn] Pdfn] s+u|]; eGof]
slxn] d08n] / c? kf6L{sf] tk{maf6 eGof], n8g] le8g], s'6g], s'l6dfUg], /ut
aufpg] aufO dfUg]df dfq xfd|f o'jf o'jtL k|of]u eO/x]sf . xfd|f o'jfo'jtLx? dfq
;lhn} xltof/ alg/x]sfn] d}n] of] ljrf/sf] lgrf]8 lgsfNg l9nfO{ ul//x]sf] lyP+ .
;+of]uj; h'g dxLgfdf g} bjf{/ xTofsf08 eof] . bf]>f] k':ts cl:tTjsf] vf]h
d+uf]nsf] / PdPgcf]df lkPr8Lsf] sf/0fn] d aiff}{ e"ldut hLjg ljtfpg' kg]{
kl/l:yltdf afFlwP+ . d}n] xltof/ p7fO lbPsf] eP ;a} kf6L{ d+uf]n df:g]
k|of]hgdf bjf{/n] k|of]u uYof]{ . xfd|f dflg;x?n] cfkm}nfO{ lrGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
lrGg] k|oTg klg
u/]sf 5}gg . xfd|f] k/+k/fut ;+:sf/g} ;a} 5]qdf c?s} lglDt hGdg], c?s} lglDt
afFRg] dfg]{ / dg]{ ag]sfn] cfˆgf] lglDt alnbfg x'g tof/ 5g\ ls 5}gg\ <
To;sf] vf/ lgsfNg' g} afFls lyof] . k"j{sf dfcf]afbLx? lgw{Ss ;+u eGb}
lx8+g] u5{g\ . æk"j{df dtjfnLx?nfO{ s+Hofpg xfdL afx'g 5]qLx? ;+Ifd 5f} .
klZrddf xfdL dtjfnL dtjfnL le8fP/ s+HofpF 5f}+ zf;g u5f}+ . afx'g 5]qL o'jfx? gsfj
nufP/ xfdL d+uf]nx?s} xltof/ vf];]/ xfdLnfO{ xltof/ ljlxg agfpg] tkm{ r/0f a4
?kdf nfu]sf lyP . e[s'6L Onfsfdf æ/S;L gkf/Æ eg]/ lwdfnx?sf] /S;L agfpg] ef8f
vf]:g] / 3}6f] k'm6fpg ;'/df d+uf]n lwdfn o'jfx? / afx'g dfcf]jfbLx? dfem ePsf]
em8kdf kl5 a'embf dfcf]jfbL ePsf] afx'gsL cfdfn] rnfPsL /S;L k;n rNg sd ePsf]n]
To;f] ul/Psf] kfOof] . O§fe§fdf Pdfn] afx'gx? / Pdfn] lwdfn o'jfx? dfem ;fgf]
ltgf] dgdf]6fj / em8k x'Fbf afx'g Pdfn]x? sf+s/le6f k'u]/ afx'g 5]qL k|x/L
clkm;/nfO{ r'SnL nufO{ hDd} lwdfn o'jfx?nfO{ dfcf]jfbL eg]/ emf];kf]n u/L dfg]{
;8oGq u/]sf ePtf klg dfl/xfNg kfPgg\ . t/ kqmfp u/]/ k|x/L afx'g 5]qLn] b'v
rflx+ lgs} g} lbP . e[s'6L Onfsfdfg} Ps hgf afx'gn] cfhf k'hfaf6 b'O nfv
blIf0ff s'DnfPsf] yfxf kfP kl5 dfcf]afbLn] xftkf/] 5g\ . t/ kl5 sf7df08" cfP/
dflyNnf] txsf g]tfx?sf] eg;'gn] kmsf{pg nufP 5g\ . ckx/0f ubf{ klg hDd} d+uf]n
s]6f s]6Lx?nfO{ dfq ug]{ u/]sf] a'em]kl5 lt ckxl/t s]6f s]6Lx?n] ætkfO{x? lsg
xfdL d+uf]nsf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ dfq ckx/0f ug{' x'G5 / n'6g' dfg{' nufpg' x'G5
< tkfO{ afx'g 5]qLsf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ lsg ckx/0f ug{' x'Gg <Æ eg]/ k|Zg
ug]{ cfF6 ;Dd ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . sltn] rflx æxfdL xltof/ xft kfg{ / tflnd lngsf]
lglDt dfq dfcf]afbL ag]sf]Æ eg]/ v'nf?kdf 7§f ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . cfh qf:t ePsf
hgtfnfO{ wfs wDsLaf6 ljsf;sf] sfddf kfPsf] /sd rGbf :j?k c;'Nb} ljsf;sf] sfddf
afwf k'/fP/ ufpF 3/nfO{ cljsl;t / c+Wof/}df /fVg] h'g of]hgf 5 . Tof] tfgfzfxL
k+rfotL d08n] Joj:yf eGbf leGg 5}g . ufpF 3/df, cljslzt ?kdf JofKt ?kdf a:g]
s'g ;d'bfo 5g\ < ax';+Vofsdf Tof] yf]/} dfq r]tg zLnnfO{ klg yfxf
5 . sDo'lgi6 tfgfzfxL klg lx6n/, d';f]lngL, ;bfd / d';/kmsf] eGbf sdL x+'b}g .
ulxl/P/ ljrfbf{ ;'?df
dfcf]afbLnfO{ baf{/n] g} hGdfP/ nfng kfng u/]sf] xf] . bjf{/sf] d"n p2]Zo
d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgnfO{ ;'?dfg} lgdf]7]/ o;df nfu]sfx?nfO{ lgld7ofGg kfg{'
lyof] . æd+uf]n, clxGb', d"naf;L, xfdL d+uf]n lxGb' xf]Ogf} hft hftL
eGb}gf} lxGb' rf8 dfGb}gf} . lxGb' /fi6« ;d:t clxGb'x?sf] ;femf lrxfg xf] .
lxGb' /fhf cNk ;+Vofs lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLsf dfq x'g . lxGb' /fi6« dfGb}gf} c?
s'/f hfGb}gf}+ . wd{ lg/k]If x'g} k5{ .Æ h:tf gf/fx? afx'g 5]qLsf] lglDt sfp;f]
/ s's'/] n'Qf] aGb} uPsf] lyof] . of] ;f/f Onfsf d+uf]n k|e'Tjsf] ePsf]n] /
ef]nL uP/ ef/tdf 5l/P/ a;]sf d+uf]nx? / ;+;f/sf d+uf]n d'n'sx?sf] Wofg lvlrPsf]
v08df zlbcf} b]lvsf] kfv08 lgtL ckgfpFb} cfPsf / ljgf xltof/ z/0ffyL{sf] ?kdf
leq]/ xfdLnfO{ cfˆg} d'n'sdf z/0ffyL{ agfpg]x?n] xfd|f dfG5]n] eGbf ;}of} u'0ff
b|"t ultdf a'emg] u5{g . logLx?sf] v]tL kftL k]zf h:t} xf] . tfKn]h'ªsf]
Ps hgf /fO lzIfsnfO{ emfkf emg]{ qmddf Pshgf afx'g lzIfsn] Pp6f kq emfkf k'/fO
lbg]
cg'/f]w ub}{ Pp6f lr7L lbof] . r]s kf]i6df afx'g ;'/Iff sdL{nfO{ dfcf]jfbL
uO/x]sf] ;'Osf] klg lbof] . af6f]df ;'/Iff ann] lr7L km]nfkf/of], tftf] uf]nLn]
lr;fO lbof] . dfcf]afbLnfO{ l/; p7of] p;n] eg] h:tf] vfg' a:g' kfPg ls ef6]
r'6fO lbof] ls k]:tf]n b]vfP/ olt xhf/ Nof eGof] d'v}df Gofo sfg'g / ;hfo .
o:tf] t h+uaxfb"/ /f0ffn] klg uy]{g xf]nf . o:tfx? /fHo zlQmdf k'u] s:tf]
b'u{tL xf]nf b]z / hgtfsf] < l8;Da/ @(, @))# df d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf]
Ps hgf lnDa' sfo{stf{nfO{ Onfdsf] Psftkfdf ckl/lrt dfcf]jfbLx?n] ckx/0f u/]/
nuL Pp6f 3/df aGb
u/L 306f} ts{ ljts{ u/] . cGtdf Pshgf cfo{ h:tf] b]lvg] dfcf]afbLn] æd+uf]n
zlQmdf cfpg} ;Qm}g lsg d+uf]ndf nfUg] <Æ eg] kl5 xfd|f] sfo{stf{n] s;/L <
eg]/ k|Zg u/of] pQ/df æd+uf]nnfO{ bjfpg / vtd kfg{s} lglDt dfcf]afb NofOPsf]
xf]Æ eg]/ hjfj lbPsf] lyof] . t/ oL ;a sfdsf] lglDt k|fo d+uf]nnfO{ g} cl3
;fl/Psf] x'G5 . ls/0f kf]v]|n l;nLu8Ldf kqmfp gk?+h]n Onfd, emfkf Onfsfdf
PdPgcf] sfo{stf{nfO{ rGbf / ufF; af; dfu]/ e't's} agfPsf lyP . rGbf cleofgn]
ubf{ 3/df af;} x'Fb}gYof] w]/}sf] .
d}n] lj/]Gb|nfO{ l8;Da/ !%,
!((% df æ/fhf xf]Og cfhLjg /fi6«ktL eP/ al;lbg]f;Ù g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If
3f]if0ff u/L k|fGtLo ;sf{/ 3f]if0ff ugf]{;Æ eg]/ bjf{/df n]v]sf] b'O dlxgf kl5
g} dfcf]jfbL d}bfgdf pq] . d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg sfo{stf{x?n] bf]nvf /
?kGb]xL lhNnfdf tyfslyt æPlzofs} ;jf]{s[tÆ eg]/ l8ª xf+lsPsf] ;+ljwfg hnfO{ lbP
gf]e]Dj/ *,@))! -sflQs @#,@)%*_ sf] lbg . of] lyof] 1fg]Gb :jo+ 3f]lift /fhf
ePs} kfFrf} dlxgf ;'? x'Fbf . To;sf] !* lbg kl5 dfcf]jfbLx?af6 ;]gf dfly cfqmd0f
eof] . To; kl5sf] xfd|f] sfo{qmd lyof] g]kfndf
/fh:yfgaf6 lelqPsf / leqfOPsf zfxfx? / ltgLx?n] g]kfnsf] /fi6«Lo kf]iffs agfPsf
bf}/f ;'?jfn / efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f hnfO{ lbg] . To; eGbf kl5sf] sfo{qmd lyof]
1fg]Gb| ;kl/jf/sf]] kmf]6f] hnfO lbg] . o;} jif{ ul/g] elgPsf] gu/kfnLsfsf]
r'gfjs} lbg k|]ma|'j/L *, @))^ -df3 @^, @)^@_ sf] r'gfjsf] alxisf/ dfq xf]Og,
sd;] sd Pp6} lhNnf, emfkf lhNnfdf dfq eP klg x'g glbg'sf] lglDt / h'emf? ?k
lngsf] lglDt nf]st+q, u0ft+q ;+ljwfg ;ef cf7 bnsf] ;dembf/Lsf] kIfdf hf]/bf/ ;dy{g
ub}{ / /fht+qsf] pgd'ngsf] lglDtHo" Hofg lbP/ d+uf]n d'lQm ;]gf lg:sg]
k|hft+q cyf{t sdf/f t+q, /}ltt+qsf] lj/f]wdf cleog 5]8g] lg0ff{os kfOnf]sf]
lglDt d}bfgdf lg:sb} o;} kIfdf tLg lbg kl5 k|]ma|'j/L !!, )^ -df3 @(, )^@_ sf]
lbg sf+s/le6fdf ljzfn cfd ;ef / ¥ofnL ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] Jofks k|;f/ ul/Psf] lyof]
. k|]; aQmJo, krf{, dfOlsªToflbaf6 . of] ;a} sfd d+uf]n d'lQm ;]gfn] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] lyof] . krf{df elgPsf] lyof] . ægsnL r'gfp x'g} glbpF . ef/tLo nf]st+q,
cd]l/sL u0ft+qnfO{ k|f0f b]p . k|hft+q /fht+qnfO{ ljbf b]p . ;fdk|bflos lgjf{rg
cfof]u d'bf{jfb . d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg lhGbfafb . PdPgcf]nfO{ btf{ u/ .
;+ljwfg ;ef 3f]if0ff u/ .Æ k/Gt' To;sf] 8]8 xKtf kl5 dfcf]afbLn] To;} lbg cyjf
d+uf]n d'lQm df]rf{sf] x8tfns} lbgb]lv cfd;efsf] lbg;Dd b]zJofkL x8tfn 3f]if0ff ul/lbof] . kl5 xfd|f]
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o'jsx?nfO{ OG6/Eo"sf] qmddf k|Zg x'GYof] . æd+uf]nsf] ;b:o 5 ls 5}g <
d+uf]n g]tf uf]kfn u'?ªnfO{ lrGof 5 ls 5}g < p;nfO{ b]v]sf] p;sf] efif0f
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cu{gfOh]zgsf b'O pd]bjf/ !((# sf] r'gfjdf p7] bf]nvf lhNnfaf6 . pd]bjf/L lbg
hfg] b'j}nfO{ s+u|]; / tyf slyt Pdfn]x?n] wDsfPgg dfq xf]Og pd]bjf/L lbg} glbO
ckx/0f u/]/ lbge/ sf]7fdf aGb u/]/ /fv] . /fd]5fksf] pd]bjf/nfO{ t tyfslyt
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sfnf] df];f] blnlbP/ h'Qfsf] dfnf nufO ufpF dfem pEofpg] sfd klg
u/] . o;/L x]bf{ klg zfxL zlQm afx'g 5]qL, s+u|]; tyf slyt Pdfn] lxGb' cfo{
;lxtsf dfcf]jfbL afx'g 5]qLsf] xfdL clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]n k|ltsf]
Jofjxf/df s'g} km/s 5}g . t/ logLx? ;j}nfO{ r'gfjsf] dfWoodaf6 xf]; cyjf
dfcf]jfbL ;]gfdf nfu]/ zlQm oL bn ;+ro ul/lbg] rflx d"naf;L clxGb"
d+uf]ng} 5g\ . lsgls lo bnx?sf] pEg] 7fpF, logLx?n] e'mSofpg, k'm;Nofpg ;lsg]
dlnnf] pjhgL x'g] 7fpFg} xfd|} ljzfn ;d'bfo xf] . dfS;{afbn] cyjf sDo'lgi6sf]
gf/fn] g]kfn / ef/tsf d"naf;Lx?nfO{ cem Ps kN6 / clGtd kN6 e'mSofpg, zf];g
/ ;f;g ug{ ;lhnf] agfO lbPsf] 5 . ;a{xf/fsf] zf;g, ;fDofafbsf] zf];g /xLt ;dfh
;[hgfsf] gf/fdf xfd|f clzlIft ztfJbLcf}+ ztfJbL ;Dd ltg} lxGb' cfo{sf k'vf{åf/f
zf];g u/L wgan, a'4Lan, hgann] cToGt sdhf]/ bl/b| / lzlyn cj:yfdf k'u]sfx?n]
Pp6f dL7f] ;'dw'/ sNkgf af]s]sf 5g\ . ;fDojfbsf] h'g slxNo} k'/f gx'g] / k'/f
gul/g] . ltgLx? u/LjLdf g} hGdG5g\, u/Lj eP/ cefj u|:t lhGbuLdf g} x's{G5g\
afFR5g\ / d5{g klg . ltgLx?sf] hLjgsf] d"No ls/f km6]u|f h:t} xf] .
ltgLx?nfO{ afFr]sf] / d/]sf] yfxfg} x'Fb}g . lxGb'afbL Gofo agfP/ pkb]z lbg]
dg'n] oxL g} l;sfPsf] 5 . clkt' d}n] dfly eg]em+} ;fDofjfbLsf] ;j{xf/fsf] gf/f
lbg] sDo'lgi6 lxGb' cfo{ g]tfx?sf] of] xltof/ cflv/L xltof/ xf] g]kfn /
ef/tsf] /fhlgtLdf . d+uf]n dfq ePsf] rLgn] xf/fxf/Ldf x/5]qdf clt b"|t ultdf
k|ult u/]sf] 5 . h'g d'n'snfO{ clkmdn] nÝ kf/]/ /fv]sf] lyof] . gfuf;fsL /
lx/f] l;dfdf P6dadn] v/fgL agfO lbPsf] hfkfg blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf] d+uf]n zfl;t
d'n'sx? olt l56f] k|ult kydf nDs]sf] 5 eg] lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLn] Psnf}tL zf;g
ug{ kfPsf] d'n's ef/t / g]kfn lsg oltsf] k5f}6] < g]kfnnfO{ t emg v'jfP/
kmf]xf]/ ;f]g]{ ;fwg klg aflx/L d'n'sn] bfg lbPsf] 5 / klg cToGt u/Lj / c;kmn
/fi6«sf] bhf{df 5 . lsg ls oxfF /fi6« efjgf 5}g oxfFsf /fi6«x? -d"naf;Lx?_
nfO{ n'6]/ zf];g u/]/ cfˆgf] lxGb' cfo{g afx'g 5]qLnfO{ dfq ps]nL nufpg]
ljrf/n] /f]ufPsf 5g\ . logLx? c;n / OdfGbf/L zfifs aGg} ;Qm}gg\ . logLx? lxhf]
kftL k8]/ dfuL vfGy] cfh b]znfO{ aGbs /fv]/ dflu vfO /x]sf 5g\ wg a6'ln/x]sf
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klg lhTg g;Sg] n8fO xf] . lhtLxfn] klg yfDg g;s]/ ktg x'g] n8fO+ xf] . o; sf/0f
dfcf]afbLn] clxn] cfP/ h'g lg0f{o u/]sf 5g\ /fhfsf] pgd'ng ug]{ / ax'bnaf6
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;]gfx? h;n] xltof/s} ansf] t'h'sdf ;lhn} ;+u w]jf cfh{g ug{ kfO/x]sf 5g\ / /fhf
/ /fhfsf] h:tf] d'v}df e'm08]sf] x's'dL zf;g rnfpg kfO/x]sf 5g\ ltgLx?n] ;lhn}
6]g]{ l:ytL 5 < slt t dfcf]afbL s} gfddf nvklt s/f]8klt aGg / /f]hL 5f8L
slnnL t?gL :jf:gL lnP/ 6fk s:g klg kfO/x]sf 5g\ . s] lo k+lQmsfx?n] logLx?sf
;jf]{Rr g]tfsf] x's'dnfO{ 6]nf{g\ < of] Jojxf/df x]g]{ j]nf 5 . ca xfd|f] cl3
l7+u pe]sf] /fhg}lts ;d:o / /fhg}lts lg0f{o dfcf]jfbLsf] lglDt dfq xf]Og c?
kf6Ls} lglDt klg clUg k/LIffsf] 38Ldf 5 . hf] OdfGbf/L ;fy ef/tsf] h:tf]
nf]st+q (republican) cyjf cd]l/sfsf] h:tf] u0ft+q (republican) wd{ lg/k]If k|fGtLo zf;gsf] kIfdf
pE5 p;n] dfq cl:tTj hf]ufpg ;S5 / ltg} g]tf dfq cfˆgf] cl:tTjdf afFRg] 5g\ . gq
l9nf] l56f] hu gePsf, /fhg}lts lehg gePsf, 6k{6'O{of+, e|i6rf/, g}lts ktg
ePsfx?sf] v}l/ot 5}g . clxn] b]vf k/]sf ;dfj]zL eGg]x? k|hft+qsf] prf/g ug]{x?
e|i6 /fhfnfO{ sfvL Rofk]/ pgsf] bofdf cfˆgf] b'gf] ;f]emfpg kNs]sfx?sf] /
æhgafb gofF hgafbÆ eg]/ cfkm} cndNndf k/]sf 5g\ . hgafbsf] hGdynf] / cy{g}
ga'em]sfx? ca :jo+ 3f]lift /fhf 1fg]Gb|s} grNg] gf]6 h:t} x'g] lbg glhlsb}5 .
Pshgf dfcf]afbL g]tfn] s]xL dlxgf cl3 cfˆgf] efif0fdf eg] ækxf8L k'jL{ e]u b]lv
klZrdL e]u ;Dd xfdL af6f] agfP/ :jLh{Nof08 agfO lbg] 5f} – obL xfdLn] bz jif{
zf;g ug{ kfof}+ eg] .Æ of] Psbd} s]6fs]6L s'/f xf] . p;nfO{ :jLh{Nof08 ljifodf
æ:jLÆ dfq klg yfxf 5}g . o:t} s'/f PskN6 s[i0f k|;fb e§/fOn] klg eg]/ cfˆgf] km6fxfkgsf]
kl/ro lbPsf lyP . kxf8L e]udf k'j{b]lv klZrd ;Dd af6f] algg] lalts} g]kfn
:jLh{Nof08 aGb}g . kxf8sf cNk lzlIftn] To;df klg dfcf]afbLn] ljZjfif unf{g
g]tfsf] s'/f eg]/ t/ c?n] xf]Og . sDo'lgi6x?n] t cfˆgf] b]zsf] cfˆgf g]tfsf]
s'/f dfq a'em\g] ;'Gg] / To;nfO{ x'ax' k'i6L ug{ dfq hfGb5g . aflx/L d'n'ssf]
ljifodf g yfxf x'G5 g t k8g] ;'Gg] hfGg] clwsf/ g} kfPsf x'G5g . PskN6 d}n] pQ/
sf]l/ofdf $% lbg latfpg] df}sf kfP+ . d]/f] :s6{ Pp6L sn]hsL o'jtL lyO . o;}
lar d]/f] e|d0f /fhwfgL eGbf lgs} 6f8f]df lyof] . TofxfF hfkfgaf6 kfgL hxfh klg
Nofpg] uy]{ /] . dnfO{ To; aGb/uf b]vfpb} d]/L :s6{n] egL æof] aGb/ufdf
hfkfgsf] kfgL hxfh klg cfp5 . ljZjsf] g} 7"nf] aGb/uf xf] of] .Æ d}n] t
s]xL ljslzt d'n's klg 3'ld;s]sf]n] dnfO{ eGg dg nfluxfNof] / elglbP+ . ædnfO{
eGof} l7s} 5 t/ ljslzt d'n'ssf] kfx'gfnfO{ o;f] eGof} eg] p;n] ltdL ;+u s]xL
geGnf t/ p dgdg} xfF:g] 5 . ljslzt d'n'ssf] cl3 ltd|f] d'n's g} ufpF h:tf] nfU5
. ltd|f] of] aGb/uf klg To:t} ufpFn] h:t} nfU5 . æTof] eGbf clU3Nnf] pQ/
sf]l/of ofqfdf xfdLnfO{ Kof]ªofª eGbf w]/} 6f8f]df k'/fOof] / csf]{ lbg ljxfg}
tof/ x'g' kg]{ s'/f /ftL g} elgof] . To;} cg'?k d ljxfg} & ah]lt/ /]l8 eP/
a;+] . l7s To;} j]nf d]/f] sf]7fsf] csf]{ lt/sf] 7"nf] xndf a;]sf
;}lgsx?n]] km'lt{nf] :ofn'6 7f]s] . kl5 yfxf kfP+ pQ/ sf]l/ofnL hgtfsf dxfg
g]tf lsd On ;'ªsf] l/tf] uf8L lgs} tn b]lvP5 . kl5 xfdLnfO{ ToxL af6f] eP/ pQ/
sf]l/ofnL /fi6«klt lsdOn ;'ª ;+u e]6g nluof] . lsdOn;'ª xfdLnfO{ b]Vg] ljlts}
xfF:b} xft ldnfpg cl3 a8] / c+uflnP . d}n] Pp6f xf]6ndf /flvPsf] lsdOn;'ªsf] kmf]6f]x?
ug]+ . TofxfF @^ j6f kmf]6f] t lsdOn;'ªsf] dfq b]v]+ . hxfF uP lg lsdOn;'ªsf]
ljifodf k|z+iff ul/Psf x/kmx? n]Vg} kg]{ . lstfadf
klg lsdOn;'ª leQfdf klg lsdOn;'ª . ˆofS6«Lx?df klg lsdOn;'ª xf]6nx?df klg
lsdOn;'ª . kq klqsfdf klg pg}sf] ;dfrf/ / l6eLdf klg pg}sf] kmf]6f]x? . g]kfndf
klg k'ik sdn bfxfn /fHosf] zlQmdf gcfO t o:tf] rlt{snf zlQmdf k'u] emg s:tf]
< /fHosf] aflif{s ah6 g} To;}df vr{ g] x'g ls < pQ/ sf]l/ofaf6 a]lhª cfO
k'Ubf lgs} km/flsnf] 7fpFdf cfOP h:tf] nfUg] / TofxfFaf6 xf]ªsf]ª cfOk'Ubf t
;+;f/} csf]{ . xlQof/sf] zlQm / qf; eg]sf] lgs} 7"nf] qf; k}bf ug]{
zlQm xf] . To;}sf] cfwf/df ;j{ ;fwf/0f hgtf ;xL s'/f k|lt lk/dsf{ k|lt y't'gf]
rnfpg, d'vvf]Ng / ;xL s'/f, lk/dsf{ af]Ng qfxLdf /xG5g\ . dfcf]n] klg eg]sf lyP
æ/fhg}lts zlQm eg]sf] aGb'ssf] y't'gf]af6 lg:sG5 .Æ t/ ca ;do / kl/l:ylt
abn]sf] 5 . of] ;do klxnf] / bf]>f] ljZjo'4n] NofPsf], sDo'lgi6 -;fDofafbL_
sf] gfddf cfPsf] zf;g ;Qfx? 9Nb} eUgf+z]if dfq /xg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . ca
t]>f] ljZj o'4 eP klg sDo'lgi6 d'n's hGdfpg] 5}g . lsg eg] sDo'lgi6 d'n's,
;fDofafbL / ;j{xf/fsf] clkmd h:t} gf/fx? klg ef]lu;s], rflv;sf] g]kfn h:tf]
u/Lj d'n'ssf lgbf]{if hgtfn] klg . tfgfzfxLx?n] xf8 / 5fnf dfq jgfPsf hgtfn]
dfcf]jfb !($(–!(%( ;Dd dfcf]sf] d'n'sdf 7Ls lyof] hxfF # s/f]8 dflg; dfl/Psf
lyP . hxfF zf]ifs / zf]lift Pp6} /];sf lyP d+uf]n /];sf . ca t dfcf]s} d'n'sdf
klg dfcf]afbsf] s'/f u/of] eg] km]l/ qmflGtsf] gf/f nufof] eg] ck/fw 7xl/Pnf ls
< dfcf]n] hLjgdf tLgj6L :jf:gL NofP . t]>f] :jf:gL lˆndL snfsf/ lyOg /
p;n] dfcf]sf] 7"nf] abgfd dfq u/fPg æ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] gfddf cGwf w'Gb
dflg;x? dfl/g l/; OjL
;fFlwg . logL ;+usf] hdftdf rf/hgf lyP, h;nfO{ ;+;f/ e/g} Uofª ckm kmf]/ (Gang of Four) sf] s'Vot gfdn] lrlgG5 . kl5 logL
h]nd} dl/g . dfcf]n] lognfO{ eg]sf lyP æltdLn] dnfO{ afFlr+h]n t ;'vn] afFRg
lbOgf} t/ ;'vn] dg{ klg lbOgf} .Æ sDo'lgi6x? cfˆgf] k|ltåGbLnfO{ df/]/ g}
l;WofpF5g\ ;Qf k|fKtLsf] lglDt . oxL s'/f nfu' x'G5 Onfdsf] /Tg afGtjdf klg .
pgnfO{ dfg]{ ;8oGqdf pg} sfd/]8 afx'gx? lyP .
/TgafGtjsf] ljifodf d}n] g} d]/f] klxnf] /fhg}lts k':ts æg]kfnL
/fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfO{Æ df k|sfz kf/]sf] lyP+ . h;sf] klxnf] ;+:s/0f
e"ldut ?kdf !(*% df lg:s]sf] lyof] / kfFrf} ;+:s/0f ev{/} k|sflzt ePsf] 5
. To; kl5 PdPgcf] sfo{stf{x? ;flns agfpg] sfddf 86]/ nfu]sf lyP . xfn ;flns klg
ag]sf] 5 . dbg e08f/Lx?sf] d[To' klg o;/L g} o:t} ;8oGqdf ePsf] b/f] z+sf 5
< dfcf]n] klg cfˆgf] ljrf/ ;+u a]d]n x'g 8]ª l;ofcf] k]ªnfO{ df/]/ l;Wofpg]
of]hgf g agfPsf xf]Ogg\ . 8]ª 3fOt] eP efUg] qmddf t/ afFr] . ljzfn rLgsf ljzfn
hgtf dfem >bf kfq g} ag] dg{ cl3 . tfgfzfxLsf] cl3 w]/} hgtf rfx]/ grfx]/
To;tfx? k|lt lj/f]w JoQm ub}{gg\ . t/ df}sf kfP k'm6]/ aflxl/G5 . dfcf]n] klg
Pstfsf To:t} g]tf xf]cf km]ªnfO{ /fi6«klt agfPsf lyP . pQ/ sf]l/ofnL /fi6«klt
lsdOn ;'ªn] cfˆgf] 5f]/f lsdhf]ª OnnfO{ /fi6«klt r'g] h:t} . r]r]:s' / ;bfdn]
cfˆgf 5f]/fx?nfO{ So"df /fv] h:t} / k'ik sdn bfxfnn] klg cfˆgf] 5f]/f]nfO{
nfOgdf a;fP h:t} .
g]kfndf d}n] d+uf]nsf] zAb prf/0f u/]sf] clxGb" d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] xs lxtsf] lglDt j+zh lae]b (racial discrimination) lj/f]wdf ;+3if{ u/]sf] @& aif{ eof] . olQsf] nfdf] cjwLdf h'g} klg kf6L{sf æpbf/afbL x'FÆ eGg]x?n] / qmflGtsf/Lsf] audk'm;] 9f]nlk6g]x?n] cfh;Dd o; cfjfhnfO{ bdg ug]{ / lgld7ofGg g} kfl/lbg] e"ldsf dfq v]Nb} /x] . d+uf]nsf] klxnf] clwj]zg xfdLn] /fhwfgLdf u/]sf lyof} . ;]K6]Dj/ &–*, !(&( df . g]kfndf clxn]sf kq klqsfn] klg clxGb" d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] ljifodf n]Vt}g eg] @& aif{ cl3 t s;sf] cfF6 < t/ ef/tsf] lbNnLaf6 k|sflzt x'g] b 6fOD; ckm OlG8of (The Times of India) n] n]Vof] . b'O lbg] clwj]zgsf] l/kf]6{ b'O lbg g} 5fKof] . d+uf]nsf] dfu wd{lg/k]If, k|fGtLo k|zf;g ljifodf af]Nof]Ù 86]/ af]Nof] . b 6fOD; ckm OlG8of . To:tfsf g]kfnsf lglDt k|ltlglw df]ljg s'j]{n] klg To:tf] a]nfdf ;xof]u k'/fPs} x'g . To;sf] nut} d]/f] k|sfzsTj / ;DkfbsTjdf lg:sg] ;fKtfxLs Go"nfO6sf] aif{ !) c+s #! ;]K6]Da/ !@, !(&( - ebf} @&, @)#^_ df ;DkfbsLo n]v]+ . ;DkfbsLosf] lzif{s lyof] æd+uf]n a+zhsf] klxnf] clwj]zgÙ ca k'm6g] xf]Og h'6g] a]nf 5 .Æ kl5 uP/ lt;/L b'lgof klqsfn] klg d]/f] cGtjftf{ 5fKof] lbNnLaf6 . d]/f] cfjfh ToxL lyof] h'g cfh klg 5 . of] cfjfh d}n] d]/f] e"ldut ?kdf k|sflzt k':ts g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfOsf] klxnf] ;+:s/0fdf klg n]v]+ !(*% df o:tf] hNbf] aNbf] ljifodf n]Vbf !(** df bf]>f] ;+:s/0f k|sflzt eP kl5 d h]n k/+] . ;ndfg ?:bLsf] ;]6flgse;]{h k':tsn] pgnfO{ Hofg hf]ufpgsf] lglDt e"ldut x'g' k/of] . O/fgn] p;sf] 6fpsf]sf] d"No s/f]8f} 8f]n/ tf]s] kl5 To;f] ug{ k/]sf] xf] . To:t} gf/LjfbL n]lvsf tl:ndf g;l/gn] nHhf pkGof; n]Vtf a+unfb]zdf 7"nf] ck/fw 7xl/Psf]n] Hofg hf]ufpg d'n's aflxl/g k/of] . oL d';ndfg cltafbLx? / oxfFsf cltafbL lxGb' cfo{ / pgsf ;dy{s lxGb' afx'g 5]qLdf s] km/s < clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]n afSo prf/0f gu/]tf klg / d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] gfd logLx?sf] lglDt s's'/ n'tf] eP/bafpg] k|of; hltg} u/]sf] ePtf klg d ;+3if{/t l;bfGt ef/tsf] h:tf] nf]st+q (republican) cyj cd]l/sfsf] h:tf] u0ft+q (republican) geg]tf klg s+u|];n] cfˆgf] ljwfgaf6 rfx]/ grfx]/ /fht+q x6fpg} k¥of] eg] Pdfn] g]tfx?n] ælqkIfLo ;+emf}tfÆ eGg' g} k/of] . Pshgf d+qLn] æsfuhsf] vf]i6fÆ eGg'g} k¥of] . h'g d}n] !((), gf]e]Dj/ ^ sf] lbg Onfdsf] 6'8Lv]nsf] cfd ;efdf cfˆgf] efif0fdf eg]sf] lyP+ . To;sf] nut} ( gf]e]Dj/b]lv s]xL ;fKtfxLsx?n] d]/f] cfnf]rgf u/] . v'zLsf] s'/f s] eg] cfh @! aif{ kl5 d}n] !(*% df n]v]s} ljrf/x? ;a} kf6L{sf ;a} h;f] g]tfx?n] elg/x]sf 5g\ . hg;+Vofsf] cf+s8fdf klg d}n] afx'g 5]qLsf] hg;+Vof @)Ü atfPsf]df h'nfO{ @(, )^ -;fpg %, )^#_ df k|sflzt cf+s8fdf g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] !^Ü 5]qL n]lvPsf] 5 eg] afx'gsf] $Ü dfq x'g'kg]{df !@Ü atfOPsf] 5 h'g cf+s8f ldYof xf] . Pp6} afx'g kl/jf/sf] gfdx? dw]; / kxf8df p7fOPsf 5g . To;afx]s ef/tsf laleGg e]u To;df klg vf; u/]/ c;d,bfhL{lnª b]x/fb"g, l;lsdsf afx'gx?sf] gfd klg g]kfndf 5 . ltgLx?;+u g]kfnsf] klg gful/Qmf 5 . d}n] Pshgf kftL k8]/ dflulx+8g] afx'gnfO{ l;lsddf e]6]sf] lyP . p;sf] gful/Qmf ;'g;/Lsf] O6x/Laf6 agfOPsf] lyof] . kl5 yfxf kfPF luhf{ k|;fb sf]O/fnf ;+u agf/; 5+bfb]lvsf] ;fOgf] /x]5 . sf]O/fnf k|wfg d+qL x'Fbf agfpg nufPsf] /] . b]x/fb'g Sn]d]06 6fpgdf hGdL al8x's]{sf] afx'gsf] gful/Qmf g]kfnsf] 5 . ;lhn} ;+u gful/Qmf agfO lbg] sfd Pshgf g]kfn l;l8of]n] ul/lbPsf] /x]5 . l;l8of] g]kfnsf] 5f]/f] b]x/fb"gdf k8fpg' kg]{ g]kfn;+u kl/ro eof] . ;xof]usf] cfbfg k|bfgdf / g]kfn, g]kfn y/sf] gftfdf agfP/ k7fO lbP g]kfnsf] gful/Qmf . ef/taf6 d'uf]nx?sf] v]bfOdf k/]/ z/0ffyL{sf] ?kdf g]kfn leq]sf lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qLsf] latf{ xf] g]kfn . ha ls oxL+sf d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]nsf] lglDt cleiffk e"ld ePsf] 5 g]kfn .
d}n] cfheGbf @& aif{ cl3b]lv
cyf{t !(&( b]lv Hofgsf] jfhL nufP/ lgle{Qmf;fy n]Vb} af]Nb} cfPs} s'/f cfh
;a} kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] b'O rf/ jif{ b]lv n]Vg / af]Ng afWo ePsf 5g . g]kfnnfO{
wd{ lg/k]If agfpg} k¥of] . /fhfsf] la?4df af]n]]/ ;8sdf a[xbhgtf pq] t/ klg
k'/fgf xfFrsf xfF; g]tfx? /fhfsf] pGd"ngdf rf/f] rf]/L vfg] s'v'/f em}+
xlRs /x]sf 5gÙ h;nfO{ k|hft+q, nf]st+Gq / u0ft+qsf] ljifodf :ki6 yfxfg} 5}g
/x]g5 eGg] hfx]/ eO/x]sf] 5 . ltgLx?n] af]n]sf ;'Gbf k8g kfp+bf . o:tf g]tfx?n]
df}sfdf hf] xft ;f] ;fysf] kmd"{nf gckgfO s] ug]{ t < To:tf ;f+;b d+qL
g]tfx?n] e|i6rf/ gu/L s] ug]{ t < ltgLx?sf] l;4fGt g} e|i6rf/ / tfgf zfxL
lglt . d+qL ;+;bx? g} e|i6rf/L eP sd{rf/L To;} klg To;} cg'?k x'g] g} ef] . logLx?nfO{
zJbsf] cy{ / c;/g} yfxf 5}g
/x]5 . g]kfnnfO{ cwf]ultdf k'/fpg, e|i6rf/ g} e|i6rf/sf] /f]uL agfpg'df /fhf
k+rfot Joa:yfsf ;"o{ axfb'/ yfkfx? h:tf]sf] 7"nf] abdf;L 5 . To:t}
;+:sf/df x's]{/ k'li6Psfx? x'g cfhsf k|fo h;f] g]tf / d+qLx?sf] nfddf b]lvPsfx?
klg . a}rfl/s s|flGt ljxLg, /fhfd'vL, h'g/fh ;+:yfg} ca}Bflgs / e|i6rf/L 5gÙ
OZj/jfbL -dfgjafbL / hgtfafbL xf]Og_ 5g . OZj/nfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ k|0f u5{g cfhsf]
of] @! cf}+ ztfJbLdf klg eg] To:tfx?n] k|ultsf] s'/f ;f]Rg ;S5g < @! cf}+
ztfJbLdf k|j]z ul/;Qmf klg !% cf}+ ztfJbLsf] larf/n] /f]ufPsf /f]uLx? g} ;Qfdf
5g . 7"N7"nf
s'/f u/]/ efif0f x+fs]/ cToGt cfw'lgs kf];fs klxl/P/, ultnf] 3/df ultnf] sf/
cfsif{s l6eL x]/]/ dfq cfw'lgs xf]OGg . dfG5]nfO{ larf/n] 8f]xf]/ofp+5 .
larf/n] sd{ e"dLdf ptf5{ . ToxL larf/n] k|ult ck|ultsf] ;+s]t u5{ .
k|ultzLn, s|flGtsf/L TofbLsf] ukm xfFs]/ ukmf8L dfq eP/ x'Fb}g . at{dfg ;+;f/
laleGg ;+rf/ ;fwg laleGg ;DkGgtf n] ;fu'l/Psf] 5 eGg] tYonfO{ a'em\g] k|of;
ug'{ k5{ . d}n] @& aif{ cl3 eg]sf] / n]v]s} s'/f oxfFsf] æd} x'FÆ eg]/
7luvfg kNs]sf g]tfx? / æg]tf a'l4lhjLÆ eg]/ elg dfUg] lrgfpg tlNng ePsfx?n] klg
d}n] @& aif{ cl3b]lv aGb sf]7fdf xf]Og v'nf d+rdf eGb} / n]Vt} cfPs} s'/f
pgLx?sf] lglDt gofF ePsf] 5 . d}n] /fhfnfO{ æ;fd|fHofafbL xf] Pstfsf] k|lts
xf]OgÆ eg]/ d]/f] klxnf] /fhg}lts k':ts g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfOdf g}
n]v]sf] xf]Ù h;sf] kfFrf} ;+s/0f klg ev{/} k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . s[i0ff kxf8LhLn]
s]xL dlxgf cl3 cfˆgf] efif0fdf /fhfnfO{ æPstfsf] k|tLs xf]Og afws xf]Æ eg]/
eGg' ePsf] 5 . To:t} g/x/L cfrfo{hLn] n]Vg' ePsf] cfˆgf] k':ts
/fHosf] nf]st+qL s/0f k':tssf] k[i7 #@ df n]Vg' ePsf] 5 . æ============ o;
kl/l:yltdf k|b]zsf] /rgf / gfdfs/0f hftLo cfwf/df -of] zJbnfO{ lxGb's/0f gu/L
;d'bfo of ;dk|bfo n]Vg' ePsf] eP plrt ;Ddfg x'GYof]_ geP/ t6:y 9+un] /fVg'
pko'Qm x'g] 5 . Æ d}n] !(&( b]lv s} /fht+qsf] lj/f]w wd{ lg/k]If / k|fGtLo
;sf{/sf] kIfdfÙ æk|fGtx? gbL gfnfsf] gfddf x'g' k5{ Ù s'g} ;dk|bfosf] gfddf
xf]OgÆ eg]/ n]Vb} / af]Nb} cfPsf] 5' . !(() df ;+ljwfg d:of}bfnfO{ ;Nnfxf lb+bf
klg oxL s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] lyP+Ù h'g krf{sf] ?kdf ljt/0f klg ePsf] xf] . To:t} cfrfo{hL o;}
k':tssf] k[i7 ^! df ;]gfsf] ljifodf n]Vtf æ================= cfGt/Ls k|of]hgsf nflu
cw{ ;}lgs jf ;;:q k|x/L h:tf j}slNks k|of]u cl3 a8fpg ;lsG5 .Æ eg]/ n]Vg' ePsf]
5 . of] s'/f d}n] h]n leqg} hGdfPsf] d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf] 3f]if0ff kqdf
hgj/L !, !(*( dfg} n]lv;s]sf] s'/f xf] . t/ d}n] cw{ ;}lgs (Paratroops) df hf]8 lbPsf] 5' . ;]gfsf] cfjZos
g} gePsf] tYof dfly d}n] d]/f] e"ldut ?kdf k|sflzt !(*% sf] k|sflzt k':ts
g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]zf ;+rfOdf g} n]lv;s]sf] 5' . ;]gfdf vr{ ug]{ oltsf]
7"nf] /sd OdfGbf/L ;fy oxfFsf] /fhlgtL zlQm s]Gb|n] ljsfz x/]s 5]qnfO{ racial -j+zhLo_ b[i6Ln] g;f]r]/ vr{ ul/Psf] eP / racial discrimination -j+zhLo e]befj lxGb' cfo{ / d+uf]n
dfemsf]_ sf] c:q grnfO{ /fi6«Lo efjgfn] ;f]Rg] u/]sf] eP d'n's plxNo} k|ult
kydf nlDs;sYof] . To;} u/]/ dfcf]afbLsf ;af]{Rr g]tf k'ik sdn bfxfnn] g]tf u0f,
gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlgwLx? / kqsf/x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf eGg' ePsf] 5
æ========= g]kfnL hgtf dfg]{ afx]s ;]gfn] ug]{ sfd s]xL 5}g . To;n] ef/t ;+u
n8]/ lhT5 < To;n] rLg ;+u n8]/ lhT5 <Æ -sflGtk'/ b}lgs zlgjf/ h'g !&,
@))^, c;f/ #, @)^# df k|sflzt
5_ oL afSo x'jx' ?kdf d]/f] !(*% df e"ldut ?kdf k|sflzt g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf
cb]vf ;+rfOdf n]v]sf] 5' . To;df d}n] æg]kfnnfO{ zflGt 5]q cfjZos 5}g .Æ eg]/
n]Vg] s|ddf æzflGt 5]q rfxg] d'n'sn] csf{sf] d'n'sdf dfG5] dfg{ k7fpg' x'Fb}g
eGb} zflGt 5]q rfxg] d'n'sn] ;]gf /fVg' x'Fb}g . of] ;]gf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
dfg{sf] lglDt dfq xf] .Æ h'g clxn] jf:tljs ?kdf b]vf k¥of] . g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
dfg]{ sfddf æg]kfnL ;]gfn] g t ef/t ;+u n8g ;S5 g t rLg ;+uÆ eg]/ n]v]sf] 5' .
d}n] To;} k':tsdf d+uf]nx? uf]/Ifs xf]OgÙ uf]eIfs x'gÆ eg]/ klg n]v]sf]
5' . kl5 oxL s'/f k4/Tg t'nfw/hLn] d+qL x'Fbf hgsk'/df eGg' x'Fbf jjf08/ g}
dlrPsf] lyof] . ca wd{ lg/k]Ifdf To;f] gxf]nf ls < ls clt afbL lxGb'x? 3'8f
;Dd ;'?jfn v'DrfP/, kfv'/f ;'s]{/Ù wf]tL sd/df afFw]/ lg:sg] x'g Tof] t x]g{
afFls g} 5 . afx'g 5]qLn] ufO uf]? -ltgLx?sf cfdf afa' sf6g / df;' vfg kfk
7fG5g eg] xfdL ax' ;+Vofs *)Ü d+uf]n ufO uf]?sf] df;' vfg]x? xf}+ / g]kfn
lxGb's/0f x'g' cl3 vfO kfO cfPsf] nfUg] s/t/]s} klg xf] . g]kfn xfd|f] d'n's
xf] .
dnfO{ nfU5 dfcf]afbLn] td'jfg, du|ft, tfxl;lnª, ls/ft k|fGt eg]/ Pp6f uDeL/ e"n u/]sf] 5 . x'g t pgLx?sf] of] sbd efjgfTds ;f]rfO ;dfTgsf] lglDt (sentiment catch) klg x'g ;S5 . ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] zlQmdf cfpg ;s]sf] eP vf]:g] s'6g}lts rfn v]n]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . d}n] @& aif{ cl3b]lv cyf{t !(&( b]lv v'nf ?kdf ;+3if{ ub}{ cfPsf] nf]st+q cyf{t u0ft+q (republican) k|fGtLo zf;g / wd{ lg/k]IfÙ ef/tsf] h:tf] zf;g k|0ffnL Joj:yfn] s] clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]n s] lxGb' cfo{ afx'g 5]qL s] lxGb' cfo{ afx'gs} k}tfnf x'g k'u]sf / k}tfnfdf k'/fOPsf clt z'b| blnt hghftL, blnt sfdL, bdfO, ;fsL{ rdf/TofbL s] clxGb' l;s, d';ndfg, lqmlZrog ;a}n] g} ;dfg clwsf/ kfP/ of] d'n'sf /fi6«klt, k||wfgd+qL, ;}lgs k|d'v h:tf] :yfgdf cfˆgf] sd{ zlQm / Tofu zlQm 5dtf zlQmn] 7fpF lng ;sf]; eGg] xf] . wd{ lg/k]Ifn] ;a} wd{nfO{ glhSofpg ;Sg] 5 . o;sf] c;/ lb3{sfnLg cj:yfdf kg]{ 5 . ef/t nf]stf+lqs (republican) d'n's ePs} sf/0f Tofxf+sf /fi6«klt >L dg gf/fo0f, lxGb' ;dfhsf c5't jt{dfg /fi6«klt cJb'n snfd, /fh]Gb| k|;fb lxGb' ;dfhsf ;'b|Ù 1fgL h}n l;+x hfls/ x';]gx? h:tf l;s, d';ndfg, c5't au{x? /fi6«klt aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . g]x?hL -afx'g_ OlGb/f ufGwL, /flha ufGwL, u}/ afx'g, nfn axfb"/ zf:qL, b]j] uf]8f -lxGb' ;dfhs} afx'gsf] v'§f cyf{t z'b|_ lekL l;+x -5]qL_ rGb| z]v/ -afx'g_ x? h:tf b]zsf k|wfg d+qL a]g]sf 5g\ . xfnsf k|wfg d+qL l;s x'g . ef/tsf] h:tf] k|fGtLo ;sf{/ Joa:yfn] To; k|fGtsf ;a}nfO{ g} ;ef;b d'Vo d+qL aGg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ 5 . lsGt' dfcf]afbLx?n] xfn k|bfg u/]sf] / ug{ vf]h]sf] pQm gfdf+lst 5]qn] lb3{sflng l:yltdf a}dg:o g} k'/fpF5, kmfobf eGbf s'kmfobf g} k'/fpF5 . klxnf] c;/ ls/ftL eGg ?rfpg], o4kL of] zAb 3[0ffTds zAb xf] / ;+:s[tsf lxGb' cfo{x?s} b]g xf] . of] zJbsf] klxnf] k|of]o cy{jj]bdf ePsf] 5 . dfG5]nfO{ s'ntdf afgL a;] kl5 To;nfO{ /fd|f] g/fd|f] ;+u km/s kb}{gÙ ;fdflhs :yfg ;+u / cl:tTj;+u klg ;/f]sf/ kb}{gÙ ;f]Rg] zlQm / b]Vg] zlQm klg k/;Ddsf] x'Fb}g . dfq p;sf] :jy{ tTsflng / 5lgs ;Dd l;ldt x'G5 . o;sf] csf]{ sf/0f lgDg :t/Lo :jy{Ù clzlIft / cefj u|:t lhGbuL klg xf] . Ps k|sf/sf] leq n's]/ a;]sf] :jy{ klg ;lDdlnt ePsf] x'G5 To;df . To;}sf] csf]{ kf6f xf] cfk"mn] cfk"m eGg] af]ln gk'm6g' cyf{t clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nn] cfk"mnfO{ To;f] eGg] ;fFrf]df xfNg g;s]/ dtjfnL / !^ aif{ cl3 -!(() df_ hGdfOPsf] ;8oGqsf] hfnf]df km+;]/ lgDg :jy{ k"lt{sf] lglDt lxGb' ;dfhsf] afx'gsf] k}tfnfg} cyf{t s's'/ eGbf tNnf] >]0fLsf] cltz'b| blnt hghftLg} eGg ?rfpg' klg Pp6f xf] . o:tfx?n] cfk"m t 8'jfgdf k/] . cfˆgf ef]nLsf] lk8LnfO{ klg 5flQ rfSnf] lz/ 7f8f] u/]/ pEg] :yfgaf6 bnbn] ef;df w;fPsf 5g\ .
ls+/ft k|fGtsf ls+/ftL eGg
?rfpg]x?n] u}/ ls/ftLx?nfO{
æ/fhlgtL u5{; eg] t]/f] k|fGtdf hfÆ eg]/ eGg] ;Dej ((Ü /xG5 . To; l:yltdf
vf]Hb} hfFbf td'n] -u'?ª_ cfˆgf] k|fGt e]6fpnfÙ du/ / tfdfªn] klg e]6fpnf
yf?x?n] klg ;fgf] ltgf] rf]S6f e]6fpnf t/ afx'g 5]qLn] cfˆgf] k|fGt vf]Hg
s'dfp, u8jfn, /fh:yfgsf] lrtf]8 vf]Hg' kg]{ sf+;L / agf/; ;+emg' kg]{ x'G5 .
sfdL, bdfO, ;fsL{ rdf/, hghftLTofbLn] sxfF vf]Hg] < ls/ftL zAb ?rfpg] cNk
;+Vofs lnDa' / /fO xf]nfg To; afx]s c? x'Fb}gg\ . To:t} ljrf/ / Jofjxf/ x'G5
du|ft, td'jfg tfl;lnªsf] klg . clxn] ;'Gbf dhf nfUg] / rfVbf dL7f] ePtf klg
Tof] kl5 uP/ cd[t geP/ ljif g} x'g ;S5 . ls/ftL eGg]x?sf] lglDt u}/ ls/ftLx?n]
lsg vl6lbg] 8l6lbg] < 6ofS; p7fpFbf klg ;+w} g} aGb's p7fP/ p7fpg] lbgsf]
cGt x'G5 . Ps xb ;Dd hgtf 8/fpF5 t/ Tof] xb gfu] kl5 hgtf pqG5 d}bfgdf . lxhf]
;Dd t lj/]Gb| 1fg]Gb|sf] k'ln; Pp6f l;s{gf lnP/ ufpF 3/ k:bf txNsf dlrGYof] .
cfh cfP/ 1fg]Gb|sf] ;]gfb]lv g} g8/fpg] eP . 1fg]Gb|n] hgtfaf6 5dfbfg kfpg]
cfzf ug]{ l:yltdf k'Ug' k/]sf] 5 . To:t} s]xL lnDa'x?n] efjgfTds b[li6n]
lnDa'jfgsf] s'/f u5{g\Ù dfu dfU5g\ . clkt' Tof] dfu dfu]/ kfOg] xf]Og . glbP
n8\g' k5{ . 7"nf] alnbfg r'sfpg' kg]{ klg x'G5 . To;sf] lglDt slt hgf
lnDa' tof/ x'G5 < clxn] dfcf]afbLn] cfˆgf] kIfdf efjfgfTds ;DjGw lvr]/
cfˆgf] :jy{k'/f ug{] x'G5 . lbPsf] oL k|fGtx? ef]nL lbPgg\ eg] n8]/ lng'k5{ .
Tof] n8]/ lngsf] lglDt td'jfgsf] lglDt slthgf u}/ td' / dfcf]afbL lj/f]wLx?
tof/ x'G5g\ < of] d'n'ssf] k|fGtsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ kfOnf] geP/ ;d:of
;[hgf ug]{ kfOnf] xf] . dfcf]afbLsf] xltof/sf] qf; / wDsL ca w]/} nfdf] hfg]
klg xf]Og .
dfcf]afbLx? Ps bzs l6Sg'
;Sg'sf] k5fl8 baf{/sf] klg 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . Tof] lyof] s'6g}lts rfn . h'g
bjf{/Lo /fhlgtL / s'6lgtLn] lrQ vfof] . bjf{/ rfXYof]Ù To;df klg 1fg]Gb|
rfxGy], g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 To;df klg xltof/ wf/L sDo'lgi6 lta|?kdf a8]sf]
;+;f/nfO{ b]vfP/ sDo'lgi6 gfd g} sfp;f] aGg] klZrdL d'n'sx? / cd]l/sf l5d]sL
ef/taf6 k|;:t /sd / c? ;xof]u h'6fpg] cb"/bzL{ s'6lgtL . To;sf] ;fy ;fy}
cfˆgf] /fHo 6]sfO /xg] /fhlgtL . ef/tn] afx'gx? zf;g ;Qfdf x'Fbf lxGb' ;d|f6
3f]lift -ef/ts} aud k'm;] lxGb'g]tf czf]s l;xnaf6_ afx'g 5]qLsf] /fhfnfO{
clS;hg lbgsf] lglDt k|jn sf]lzif u/]s} klg xf] . efjgfTds ?kn], dgf] a}1flgs
?kn] cfly{s / ef}lts ;fwg lbP/ klg . Tolt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg æ1fg]Gb|n] dfcf]afbL
dg k/fpF5Æ eg]/ dfcf]afbLnfO{ dg k/fP/ rflx+ xf]Og . ;f]lgof ufGwLnfO{ ef/td}
klg ljb]zL 7xl/Psf lxGb' cfo{g afx'g afx'gLx?n] e/df/ cfqmd0f ul//x]sf] a]nf
d}n] ;f]lgof ufGwLsf] kIf lnP/ ;f]lgof ufGwLnfO{ kfgL v]bf] ug]{ afx'g
afx'gLx?nfO{ d'v tf]8 hafa lbPsf] lyP+ . d]/f] Tof] lr7L a+unf]/af6 k|sflzt
x'g] blnt EjfO;, c+u|]hL kflIfs klqsfsf] ;]K6]Da/ !^–#), !((( df k|sflzt ePsf]
lyof] . To; kl5sf] r'gfjdf ljh]kL -afx'g hftLo kf6L{_n] ˆNof6 vfof] . ;f]lgof
ufGwLx? zlQmdf cfPsf 5g\ . ;f]lgof ufGwL /x]s} s+u|];sf] k'Vof}{nL g} wd{
lg/k]If dg k/fpg]Ù rfxg] x'g . ;f]lgofsf] h/f] vGg oL afx'g hftLo kf6L{sf afx'g
g]tf g]t[x? sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf lyP+ . ef/tsf wd{ Aofks ?kdf lhtfP ;f]lgofnfO{ . t/} klg ;f]lgofn] k|wfgd+qL
kb Tofu]/ dxfgtfsf] kl/ro lbPsL 5g\ . of] lxGb'afbL afx'g ;+:sf/sf] 7Ls pN6f]
xf] . ;f]lgofnfO{ oxfFsf ;+s'lrt / lgr k|j[lt ePsfx?n] kz'klt dlGb/df k:g klg
lbPsf lyPgg\ . ;f]lgof /fhg}lts ljho k|fKt u/]/ zlQmdf cfP kl5 logLx? dfq xf]Og
ef/tdf / g]kfndf cNk ;+Vofsdf /x]sf afx'g 5]qLsf] -ef/tdf !%Ü g]kfndf @)Ü_
lxGb' ;d|f6 1fg]Gb|g} klg ;f]lgofsf] bz{g kfpg nfnflot eP o4kL Tof] k'/f
ePg .
ef/tdf cft+s km}nfP/ cfˆgf]
zf;g ;Qf lbuf] agfpg kfls:yfgL ;}lgs tfgfzfxf d';/km hlt ;lqmo ePsf] cfef; x'G5
Tof] eGbf sd lyPgg\ 1fg]Gb| klg . 1fg]Gb|nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] lx;fan] g]kfnsf dfcf]afbLx?
klg ef/t lj/f]wL cfjxfg ub}{ æg]kfndf ef/tn] cfqmd0f ul/ xfN5 <Æ eg]em}+
a+s/x? vgfpgdf 86]/ nfu]sf lyP . cfˆgf] sfo{stf{sf] Wofg a+s/ tkm{ df]8gsf]
lglDt klg x'g;S5 . d}n] p7fPsf] d+uf]nsf] /fhlgtLn] lb3{sflng?kdf oxfFsf clxGb'
d"naf;LnfO{ cToGt 7"nf] nfe k'/fpF5 cl:tTjsf] pknAbLdf / x/ 5]qdf
d'lQm lbgsf] lglDt . lsGt' a'em\g a'emfpg / Tofusf] efjgf hufpgsf] lglDt clnstf
kl/>d / clnstf Tofu clnstf lgle{Qmfsf] vfFrf] t k5{g} . ax' ;+Vofssf] zlQm
h'6]/ p7], p7]/ k'm6] kl5 To;nfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg] csf]{ s'g} zlQm x'Fb}g . Tof] zlQm
To:tf] zlQm xf] h'g ;fd'lb|s cfFwLa]/L / Hjfnfd'vL h:t} eo+s/ x'G5 . dfcf] xfg
j+zhsf x'g . rLgdf ax';+Vofsdf /x]sf ;d'bfosf x'g\ . logLx?nfO{ cNk ;+Vofsn]
zf]if0f / zf;g u/]/ lk8fbfos zf]lift hLjg lgjf{xf ug{' k/]sf lyP . blIf0f
clk|msfdf cNk;+Vofs uf]/fx?n] Pj+/Ltn] sfnfx?nfO{ ztfAbLcf}+ zf]if0f u/]/ ;QfP/
ynf kf/]/ /fv]sf lyP . kl5 zf]ifs ;fdGtL ljb]zL ;fd|fHofjfbLx?sf] lj/f]wdf
sfnfx? cfˆgf] Oiof{ wd{ ;a yf]s la;]{/ h'6] p7] uf]/fsf] #%) aif{sf] Psnf}6L
zf;g w/ftndf Wj:t eof] . To:t} eof] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] af]lnleofdf klg . o;}
aif{sf] ;'?df . TofxfF klg TofxfFsf ax';+Vofs d"naf;L af]lnleofO hgtfnfO{
Psflt/ dfS;{afbL sDo'lgi6x?n] ;fDoafbL ;j{xf/fsf] gfddf n'6g] 7Ug], e8sfpg],
prfNg] k5fg]{ u/]/
bl/b| agfO ;s]sf lyP eg] csf]{ lt/ cd]l/sL ;+/If0f kfPsf blIf0f kGyLx?n] klg
ljleGg gf/f k|nf]egdf e'mSofpg] 7Ug] zf];g ug]{ sfd lta| ?kdf a8fPsf lyP .
b'j}sf] dg;fo Pp6} lyof] . TofxfFsf d"naf;L hgtfnfO{ :of08jLr agfP/ r]Kg],
r':g] n'6g] zf]if0f ug]{ / v'§f k;fg{ / xft p7fpgg} glbg] agfO /fVg] . o;/L
kfFr ;o aif{ n'l6Psf e'l6Psf zf]lift lkl8t hgtf wg geP klg tg dgn] h'6]]
TofxfFsf d"naf;L g]tf Oef]
df]/fn];sf] kl5 nfu] pgsf] cfjxfg / lgb]{zgdf lgle{Qmf ;fy Hofgsf] afhL nufP/
p7] h'6] . o;} aif{sf] ;'?df ljho xfl;n u/L5f8] . d+uf]n g]tf Oef] df]/fn];
klxnf] /fi6«klt ag] . dfS;{afbL eg]/ d"naf;Lsf] zf]if0f ug]{ sDo'lgi6
kf6L{ / cd]l/sL ;+/If0fdf k};fsf] k'mlt{kmftL{ ug]{ blIf0f kGyL zf]ifs zfifs
b'j}nfO{ u'8jfO u/]/ TofxfFsf ax';+Vofs d"naf;Lsf] pTyfgdf nfu]sf 5g\ .
g]kfndf klg ulxl/P/ x]/], x]g{;s] blIf0f clk|msf / af]lnleofs} h:tf] ;+:sf/ /
kl/l:ylt 5 . g]kfnsf xfdL clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nx?nfO{ klg wgan, a'l4an,
hgan ;a} k|sf/sf] anljxLg agfP/ bl/b| agfOPsf 5f}+ / blnt hghftL agfP/ v]bg]
;8o+qsf] hfnf]df kfg]{ of]hgfdf 5g\ . sDo'lgi6x? ;fDofafbLsf] af]s|] qmflGtsf/L
gf/f lbP/ c?n] rflx+ cfˆg} ljleGg gf/f / b'O rf/ 6jfs /S;L / /fFufsf] df;' lbP/
:of08jLr agfOPsf 5g . d]/f] cleofg / k|of; xf] o;af6 ;'/lIft ug]{, ljpFemfpg],
p7fpg] ;+ul7t ug]{ / d'lQmsf] dfu{df 8f]xf]/ofpg] . !(() sf] -@)$&_ tyfslyt
;+ljwfg agfpFbf ;+ljwfg ;ldltsf k|d'v nufot %! hgf ;b:odf ## hgf afx'g lyP .
xfdL d"naf;L clxGb' d+uf]n nufotsf clxGb' lqmlZrog, d';ndfg, l;s,
a'lbi6x?sf] ;+xf/ u/]/ lxGb' sfg'g leq clxGb'nfO{ s'+l7t ug]{ lxGb' cfo{x?sf]
xs 8u rNg] tyfslyt ;+ljwfgnfO{ Plzofs} ;jf]{s[t eg]/ 8+s lk6g] klg logLx?g}
xf]Ogg\ < hxfF lxGb' kl/efiff / hft hftL zAbx?nfO{ ah|zlQm agfP/ !!# -#_
h:tf] ;[hgf u/L d+uf]nnfO{ d+uf]n eGg} glbP/ d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgnfO{
lgjf{rg cfof]un] btf{ lbPg . t/ lxGb'afbLx?nfO{ rflx+ btf{ lbP/ a+zhLo e]befj (racial discrimination) b]vfpg] < s] ef/t h:tf] d'n's
Plzofdf kb}{g < ef/tsf] eGbf klg /fd|f] lyof] Tof] ;ljwfg < km6fxfx? .
x]/f}+ ca ;+;f/s} ;jf]{s[t agfpF5f}+ eg]/ 8jfª k'mSg]x?n] s'g ?kdf k]z u5{
casf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf / ;+ljwfg ;ef . To;tfsfsf ;+ljwfg ;ldltdf klg log} nIfd0f
cof{n, d's'Gb /]UdL, bdggfy 9'Fufgf, tyfslyt Pdfn]sf g]tfx? e/t df]xg clwsf/L
dfwj g]kfn lyPgg\ / < h'g Plzofs} ;jf]{s[t tyfslyt ;+ljwfgn] b'O bzs b]Vg
kfPg . cy{d+qL 5+bf baf{/Lo vr{ Ps} k};f klg sd ug{ g;Sg] e/t df]xg clwsf/L cfh
3f]n}{ :j/df dlrdlrc?nfO{ pkb]z lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
Psflt/ zf]lift, lkl8t, a]sf/L / e'Qmef]uLn] cfˆgf ;femf zq' /fhbjf{/nfO{ lrg]/ ltgnfO{ pv]n]/ km]Sg ef]s ltvf{ ;x]/ 6fpsf]df sfqf] afFw]/ /fht+q km]sL nf]st+q (republican) cyf{t u0ft+q (republican) sf] lglDt Pstf a4 eP/ /utsf] v]fnf] aufP eg] csf]{lt/ To;} cfGbf]ngn] d+qL / ;+;b agfPsfx? hgtfsf] /ut;+u xf]nL v]Ng slt klg xRs]sf 5}gg\ . luhf{ k|;fb ;lxt To;} 6«]8 dfs{sfx?n] t ws} gdfgL hgtfsf ;femf zq' /fhf /fVg] k|:tfj /fv] . ;dy{g ug]{ sfdsf] yfNgL klg u/] . s+u|];s} d+qL ufpFn] ;fdGtL /fd z/0f dxtn] k]z u/]sf] ah6sf] 7"nf] /sd baf{/nfO{ 5'6\ofpg] sfd u/]/ ah| ;fdGtLnfO{ 6]jf lbg] alnof] vDafsf] ?kdf cfk"mnfO{ k|:t't u/] . cj}wflgs /fhfnfO{ h'g ;'s} ?kdf eP klg /fv]/ wd{ lg/k]Ifsf] 6fpsf]df lxGb' /fhfnfO{ /fvL alnof] agfpg] ;8o+q ug]{x? klg oL ufpFn] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/df hGdL x'sL{ k8] n]v]sfx? gx'g\ . h;n] ;fdGtL zf]ifs zfifs dxf/fhfnfO{ lz/dfyL /fvL cfk"mx? /fhf x'g] ;kgfdf nLg 5g\ . s] o:tfx?af6 b]zsf] / hgtfsf] xLt x'g ;S5 < olt nfdf] cfwf ztfAbLdf ePsf] 5 < o:tf zf]ifs ;fdGtL ?l8afbLx?sf] lgd{'n x'g} k5{ lgd{'n ug}{ k5{ . o:tfx?n] d'n'snfO{ ztfAbLcf}+ kl5 ws]lnlbP .
g]kfn / ef/tdf b]vf k/]sf dfcf]afbL] /fi6« ;Qfg} xTofpg t ;Qm}gg} . clkt' cft+s drfP/ l9+8f] /f]6f] h] eP klg ;Gtf]ifsf] Ps 5fs vfg' / ysfOsf] dL7f] lgb|fdf lgbfpg klg lbg] 5}g . dfcf]afbLsf] gfddf cfPsfx?nfO{ 8/s} e/df cfk"m ef]sf] a;]/ s]6fs]6Lsf] d'vdf];]/ eP klg dL7f] v'jfpg / ultnf] kf/fdf ;'Tg] aGbf]a:t ul/lbg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . dfcf]afbL leq klg ef/L af]Sg] /fOkmn v]nfpg] n'6]/ Nofpg] æx's'dsf] hafj 5}gÆ sf] sfd ug]{df t Jofks ?kdf zf]lift d+uf]nx? / blnt ju{g} 5g h;sf] eljio cfh h:tf] 5 ef]nL Tof] eGbf ultnf] x'g] 5}g . cfhsf] dfcf]afb ef/t / g]kfndf s;/L hGDof] < ef/tdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ Ol08of (CPI) :yflkt ePsf] !(@! df xf] . of] kf6L{ ef/tdf !($% b]lv !($* ;Dd a[xb ?kdf lgs} zlQmzfnL eP/ km}Nof] klg . logLx?n] @ xhf/ hlt zf]ifs, ;fdGtL, hldGbf/ / lj/f]wLx?nfO{ df/]/ c8fO xhf/ ufpFn] ls;fgx?nfO{ d'Qm u/] klg . o;/L dfl/g]x?df w]/} h;f] afx'gx?g} k/] lsgsL zf]ifs ;fdGtL eg]s} ltgLx? lyP . kl5 !($* df ;sf{/n] ljb|f]xLx? txnufpgsf] lglDt ;]gf kl/rfng u/of] . of] sfd x}b/fafbdf ePsf] lyof] . !($* df t]n+ugf, cfGb|f k|b]zdf s[ifs cfGbf]ng r/Sof] . ef/tsf] !(%@ sf] klxnf] r'gfjdf dWo k|b]zdf 5lj; l;6 NofP/ 7"nf] kf6L{sf] ?kdf b]vf k/of] . o;/L ljwfg ;efdf dha't b]lvPsf k|fGtx? lyP !_ a+ufn @_ s]/nf #_ cfGb|f k|b]z $_ tldngf8' . !(%^ df ;sf{/ algPtf klg e+u ul/g] sfd / /fi6«klt zf;g nfu' ug]{ sfd eof] . To; kl5 cltafbL elgg]x?n] xltof/ p7fpg] lgwf] u/] . To; kl5 dS;{jfbL :yflkt eof] !(^@ df . o;sf] sf/0f rLg / /l;of lyof] . rLg / ef/tsf] o'4sf] sf/0f . !(^& df cfP/ ef/tLo sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ dfS;{jfbL n]lngafbL u7g eof] . clg logLx? dfcf]afbL eP/ qmflGt cf/De u/] . of] qmflGt xltof/ wf/L qmflGt lyof] / gS;fnaf/Laf6 yflnPsf] lyof] . o;sf k|d'v g]tfx? rf? dh'dbf/ / sfg';Gofn klg gS;fnaf/L 5]p klZrd a+ufnsf] l;lnu8Ls} lyP . logLx?n] yfn]sf] xltof/ qmflGtnfO{ au{ ;+3if{ elgof] . csf]{ zAbdf ju{ zq' klg gfd lbP . To;df Ps hgf k'ln; clkm;/sf] d[To' eof], sfF8 nfu]/ . To;n] ef/t e/g} txNsf drfof] . g]kfnsf emfkfnLx?n] klg To;}sf] l;sf] u/L emfkfnL qmflGt ;'? u/] . ljz]if u/]/ u/Lax? dfl/P . ;fdGtL afx'gnfO{ 5'g ;fy ;sf{/n] sfjf{xL lta| kf¥of] . ef/tsf] of] au{ zq' / au{ ;+3if{n] s[ifsx? w]/} '/df !@ xhf/ x]S6/, hnkfO u8Ldf * xhf/ x]S6/, lrgfk'/df * xhf/ x]S6/ klg sAhf u/] . b'O aif{ kl5 cfP/ ef/tLo sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ b'O ˆofs eP . To; kl5 dfcf]afbLsf] s]Gb|Lo ?k u7g eof] . o;df k|d'v JolQm rf? dh'Dbf/ r'lgP . o;} dfcf]afbLnfO{ gS;fnaf/L qmflGtsf] gfddf cl3 a8fPsf] ePtf klg dfcf]nfO{ cfjxfg ul/P kl5 ef/tnfO{ Hofb} vqf dx;'; eof] . dh'Dbf/nfO{ h]n ;fb}{ /fVt} ug]{ sfd nuftf/ eof] . !(&% df sf]nsf]Qf h]ndf /x:odo 9+uaf6 rf?sf] xTof ul/of] . rf? dh'Dbf/sf] /x:odo xTof kl5 gS;fn kGyLx? ;'/lIft :yfg vf]Hb} ef/t e/ 5l/P . ;a} yf]s n'l6Psf ;a{xf/fx? lbnf] Hofgn] nfu]sf ePtf klg ltgLx?nfO{ xltof/ af]sfpg] cfˆgf zq';+u l/;OjL ;f+Wg nufpg] / cfˆgf] :jy{sf] lglDt xltof/ agfpg]x? t pxL a'h'{jf lzIff lnPsf, zf]ifs, ;fdGtLsf] hTyf / ;j{xf/fsf] gfddf cfk"mx? ;j{e/f eP/ ;j{xf/fnfO{ g} k|of]u ug]{df ltgLx? g} cu| k+lQmdf 5g\ h:tf] g]kfndf 5 . logLx? :jljj]sdf xltof/ rnfpF5g\ . cft+s drfp+5g\, tf]8kmf]8 u5{g, l/; kf]vfp+5g\ JolQmut :jy{ nf]n'ktfn] . sltko g]tfx? cft+lst hgtfnfO{ cTofP/ sdfp wGbfn] klg Jo:t 5g\ . sf]xL sf]xL 6f+6 kN6]sfx? dfcf]afbL gfds} wGbfn] nvklt s/f]8klt klg alg;s]sf 5g\ . df}sfdf n'6g] sdfpg] l;bfGt / lehg ePsf] 5 ltgLx?sf] . ltgLx? d'n's s} zfif0f ;Qf xTofpg ;Sg] klg xf]Og, Tof] ljZjfif klg logLx?nfO{ 5}g .
k]?df To:t} eof] . gf} aif]{ pd]/df :s"naf6 ckx/0f u/]/ nluPsf] ljBfyL{n] ljleGg sl7gfO em]n]/ b'O aif{ ljtfPsf] / !! aif{sf] pd]/df klxnf] kN6 lgbf]{if c;xfo u/La ls;fgnfO{ cfˆgf] g]tfsf] x's'ddf dfg{ k/] kl5 kZrftfk ub}{ efu]/ lx8]sf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] lyof] . !(&% df yfONof08df sDo'lgi6 hg;]gfdf % ;o ljBfyL{x? lyP . ltgLx? j'h'{jf lzIff eg]/ k8\g 5f8]/ xltof/ af]sL h+un k;] t/ ;kmNtf xft nfu]g . lkmlnlkG;df !(^(–*# ;Dddf kfFr xhf/ hg;]gf / rf/ xhf/ ;b:ox? lyP . !(** df cfO k'Ubf ;]gf a8fP/ bz xhf/ k'/fP . uf]l/Nnfx? lj; xhf/ k'/fP . To; kl5 ldlnl;ofx? a8fP/ b'O nfv k'/fP . t/ cfh z'Godf k'u]sf] 5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] Pp6} 5}g eg] klg x'G5 . g]kfnsf dfcf]afbL g]tfx? bjf{/ glhs b]lvPsf s]xL kIf dWo] of] klg xf] / yf]/} lbgdf w]/} sdfPsfx?sf ghlbs /x]sf k|df0fx? dWo] o:tf klg 5g\ . h:tf] ls km]a|'j/L !(, @))% -kmfu'0f *, )^!_ sf] lbg sgf{nL x]lnsf]K6/ cToGt uf]Ko ?kdf g]kfnu+haf6 p8]/ ;'v]{tsf] lrGr'sf] k"jL{ e]u dlgk'/df k'u]/ ljgf s'g} sf/0f ha{ h:tL cf]/flnof] . Tof] 5]q dfcf]afbLsf] Onfsf xf] . cfˆgf] x]lnsf]K6/ TofxfF ptfg]{ ;Dk'0f{ sfd ug]{ gf/fo0f k'g xf] . gf/fo0f k'g bjf{/ leqs} dfG5] eg] klg x'G5 . bjf{/s} sf/0f d+qL agfOPsf] xf] . Tof] x]lnsf]K6/df ( nfv #% xhf/ a/fj/sf] cToGt d"Nojfg cf}ifwLx? lyof] . Tof] cf}ifwL k7fOPsf] lyof] d'u'sf] lhNnf :jf:y sfo{nosf] lglDt . o;/L kmf];{Nofl08ª u/]/ cf}ifwL pQf/L x]lnsf]K6/ kmSof]{ . To;sf] nut} Tof] # xhf/ # ;o @* s]hL cf}ifwLsf] j08nx? nfkQf kfl/of] . Plk|n @&, @))# -j};fv !$–)^) sf] lbg 1fg]Gb|n] z+s/ xf]6ndf gf/fo0f k'g, /d]z gfy kf08] / jb|L d08nnfO{ af]nfP/ dfcf]afbL ;+u aftf{ ug{ k7fPsf] ;Tof tYof lszf]/ >]i7hLn]] klg ====== csf]{ xTof sf08df k|i6 ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
h'g @# -c;f/ (_ sf] /ftL k'ik sdn bfxfn / 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO /ftL sf7df08"
cfOk'u] . nlntk'/ ;ft bf]af6f]af6 6f6f ;'df]r8L emf?jf /f;L ufpF ljsf; k'u]/
/fdsfhL kf08]sf] eJo dxndf dfcf]afbL ;]gfsf] ;'/lIft 3]/fdf tLg /ft
ljtfP . of] dfG5] %–^ aif{ cl3 Pp6f ;fwf/0f xf]6ndf j]6/ sfd uYof]{ . xfn rf/
/f]kgL hUufdf kf}/g] kf]v/L ;lxtsf] c8fO
s/f]8sf] eJo dxn 5 . h'g dxndf dfcf]jfbL b'O k|d'v g]tfx?n] tLg /ft ljtfP .
kf08]n] dfcf]afbLnfO{ /fd|} rGbf lbP/ xftdf /fv]sf] atfOG5 . kf08] 8r gful/s
;dfj]z ePsf] Pgl8cf] jh| kmfp08]zg ;+u ;DalGwt 5Ù h;af6 yf]/} ;dodfg} w]/}
sdfPsf] 5 . s]xL dlxgf cl3 oL b'O dfcf]afbL k|d'v g]tfsf] e|d0f k"jL{
e]udf ePsf] lyof] . To;tfsf klg Ps hgf ljjfb:kb wgf8o JolQmsf] kfx'gf x'g'
k'u]sf lyP . h'g JolQmsf] gfd /f]zg ;f]gL k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . oL b'O g]tfn]
;f]gLsf] eAo :jfut kfP, eJo vfgf klg vfP c08/ u|fp08 xf]6ndf g]tfx?sf] e|d0fdf
ePsf] vr{ @* xhf/ atfOPsf] 5 . ->f]t hg cf:yf ;fKtfxLs_ oL dfcf]afbL g]tfx?
zlQmdf k'u] ghlbs sf] x'g]5g\ < ;fDojfbsf] sNka[Ifsf] (Utopia) kmn vfFb} ;kgfsf] dxndf ;x]/ ug]{
;j{xf/fsf] ljleGg >f]taf6 yf]/} ;dodf
w]/} wgL x'g]x? g x'g cflv/ km/s s] c? kf6L{ / dfcf]afbLdf < of] k|Zg
bf]xf]/fO{ t]x/fO{ cfkm}n] ;f]Rg' k5{ . dfcf]afbL ax';+Vofs ;a{xf/f au{n] hf]
e"ldxLg 3/jf/xLg gf]s/L ljlxg / cNk lzlIft jf clzlIft 5g\ . dfcf]afbLsf
;jf]{Rr g]tf bfxfnhLn] eGg' ePsf] 5Ù æ;+ljwfg ;efn] /fhf dfg] cfk"mx? klg
/fhf dfGg] .Æ sxL+ of] o:tf] hfnf] gxf]; h'g ;8o+qsf] hfndf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf
/fhfnfO{ /flvof]; . Tof] ;8o+qsf] rqmJo'x'df ;a} lxGb' cfo{ g]tfx? Pssf{df
c+sdfn u/]/ 3'ld/x]sf x'g . nf]st+q (republican) u0ft+qsf] (republican) gf/f k|f0fsf] afhL nufP/ d}bfgdf
pq]sf ;'dw'/ sNkgf af]s]sf] gf/fdf g} l;ldt gxf]; . hgafbsf] gf/f lbg] tyfslyt]
Pdfn] g]tfx?nfO{ g} yfxf 5}g hgafb eg]sf] s] xf] < gq logLx?n] ;dfj]zL
u0ft+q, gofF hgjfbg} eGg] lyPgg\ . logLx?n] ;[h]sf gofF hgjfb s] xf] <
logLx?nfO{ hgafbsf] ;lx cy{ yfxf ePsf] eP hgafbdf nf]st+q, u0ft+qdf /fhf /fVg]
sNkgf ;Dd ug]{ lyPgg . rLgdf elgPsf]n] l;sf] ul/lbof] . jLkL sf]O/fnf /
s+u|];sf g]tfx?nfO{ æk|hft+qdf ;dfhafb x'Fb}g nf]st+q cyf{t u0ft+qdf dfq x'G5Æ
eGg] s'/f yfxf geP h:t} æhgafbdf /fhf x'Fb}gÆ eGg] s'/f oL dfskf g]tfx?nfO{
yfxfg} 5}g . rLgdf hgafb Nofpg] cfjfh / gf/f rLgsf klxnf /fi6«klt ;goft ;]gn]
kl/ro u/fPsf x'g\ . ;got ;]g sDo'lgi6 lyPgg\ . hgafb eg]sf] æhgtfåf/f hgtfsf]
lglDt hgtfsf]Æ elgPsf] xf], hxfF /fhf x'Fb}g . /fhf /flvGg (Govt. by the people for the people
of the people) . /fhf
eg]sf] g hgtfåf/f g hgtfsf] lglDt g t hgtfsf] . km]l/ /fhfnfO{ /fv]/ hgafb s;/L
x'G5 < ;fob tyf slyt Pdfn]n] eg] u/]sf] gofF hgafb eg]sf] /fhf;lxtsf] eg]sf]
xf] ls < dfcf]jfbL k|d'v g]tf bfxfn / s+u|]; k|d'v sf]O/fnf dfem /fhf /fVg]
uf]Ko / /x:odoL ;+emf}tf t 5}g < ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjdf OR5's gful/sx? ;a}n]
v'nf ?kdf r'gfj n8\g' kfpg' k5{ h;sf] pd]/ k'u]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj
kf6L{x?sf] k]jf agfOg' x'Fb}g . dfcf]afbL g]tfx?n] lzIff xfl;n ug{;Sg] u/Lj /
zf]lift hgtfnfO{ a'h{'jf lzIff eg]/ ufpF3/sf :s"nx? aGb ug]{ cfˆgf 5f]/f
5f]/LnfO{ zx/sf] a'h{'jf lzIff lng nufpg] < dfcf]afbL g]tfx?df s]Gb|Lo :t/df
/x]sf g]tfx? dWo]s} /ljGb| >]i7n] ls6fg ;fy g} eg]sf 5g\ . æk|r08sf] 9f8df
6]s]/ 1fg]Gb|n] s' u/]s} xf] . lw/]Gb|n] eg]sf lyP k|:tfjdf dfNbfO{ -1fg]Gb|_
;xdt x'g' x'G5 . lj/]Gb|n] eg]/ k7fPsf /x]5g\, æd cfkm} cfpg ufx|f] 5Æ .
lbNnLdf k|r08n] /d]zgfynfO{ e]6]s} xf] . /ljGb|sf] cGtjftf{ hg cf:yfdf klg
k|sflzt lyof] . h'g cGtjft{df oL s'/fx? JoQm lyP . pQm ljleGg 36gfx?n]
dfcf]afbLsf k|yd g]tf bjf{/ glhs ePsf]n] ;+ljwfg;efdf klg wf]sf gxf]nfÆ eg]/
ls6fg ;fy ljZjfif ul/ xfNg' / kTofO xfNg' hlt ufx|f] 5 Tolts} ;fx|f] klg 5 . sfd/]8
P]ofgsfnLn] cfˆgf] Pp6f n]vdf g]kfnL dfcf]afbLx?sf] ljifodf cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoQm
ub}{ o;f] eg]sf 5g\ . æg]kfnsf afx'g dfcf]afbL kf6L{sf dflns k|r08 dfcf]jfbL
lgtLg';f/ cl3 j8]sf 5}g\g / pgsf] /hfO+ 5 . pgn]
cfˆgf] 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ c+u|]hL dfWoodsf a'h'{jfhLh lzIff lbO /x]sf 5g\ cf}
c?nfO{ rflx+ Tof;f] gug{ elgPsf] 5 . æ-h'nfO{ !–!%, @))^ c+u|]hL kflIfs blnt
EjfO;_Æ . o; ;do ef/tsf] lkkN; jf/ u|'k hf] ;+u g]kfnsf dfcf]afbLx?sf] l3p
;DaGw lyof], To;sf k|d'v / sf]08fkNnLsf :yfks /]8\l8;n] g} dfcf]afbLnfO{ wf]sf
lbP/ dfcf]afb lj/f]wL lˆnd agfO ;;:q qmflGtsf] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . To;f] x'gfn]
ca g]kfnsf dfcf]afbLx?n] lkkN; af/ u|'kaf6 ;xof]u / ;dy{g kfpg 5f8]sf] 5 .
lkkN; af/ u|'ksf k|d'vsf] egfO{ 5 æca Ps] $& n] n8fO lhTg] lbg uof]
. of] lgtL t ca cft+s drfO cfˆgf] :jfy{df l;ldt /xg' k'Uof] .Æ o;} ;Gbe{df
k|r08n] cfˆgf] kf6L{ leq gftfafb / s[kfafb lta| agfP/ nu]sf] tYo dfly klg k|sfz
kfb}{ lsd On ;'ªn] cfˆgf] 5f]/f lsd hf]ª OnnfO{ kf6L{ k|d'v agfP h:t} a'h{'jf
c+u]|hL lzIff lnPsf] cfˆgf] 5f]/f 5f]/Lx?nfO{ kf6L{sf] k|d'v :yfgdf k'/fpg]
e"ldsf v]Nb} uPsf atfOPsf] 5 . lkkN; af/ u|'ksf k|d'v
sf]08f kNnLn] ;;:q qmflGtsf] lj/f]wdf / dfcf]afbsf]
lj/f]wdf agfPsf] lˆnd t]n]u' efiffdf lgld{t 5 .
kf]xf]/ ;fn cui6
!&,@))% df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ;a sld;gx?sf] b'O xKt] ldl6ª rln/x] s} ;dodf
h]g]efdf Pp6f l/kf]{6 k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . h'g l/kf{]6df elgPsf] lyof]
æg]kfnsf dfcf]afbL blntx?sf zq' x'g . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ;asld;gx?sf] ldl6ª
g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf]
;'/Iff / cEof; ljifodf /flvPsf] lyof] . g]kfndf c5't blnt dfly eO/x]sf] ;Def]u
k|ltsf] cTofrf/ dfly klg k|sfz kfl/Psf] lyof] . dfcf]afbL leq blntsf] cj:yfk|lt
Wofg lbg] sfdx?nfO{ lgxfn]/ g} ædfcf]afbLx? blnt, c5't ju{sf zq' x'gÆ elgPsf]
jtfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf blntx? dfcf]afbL / /fHo b'j}sf] lzsf/ ag]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .
of] l/kf]{6 :dLtf g?nfn] k]z u/]sL x'g . pgL dfgj clwsf/ / ljZj Gofolos ;DaGw
x]g]{ PShLSo"l6e l8/]S6/ x'g .
dfcf]sf] egfOdf sDo'lgi6x?
ljzfn x[boL x'g' k5{ . p;nfO{ x]bf{ o:tf] nfuf]; ls pgL cfˆgf] hLjgdf qmflGt
k|lt Hofb} rf;f] lng] b]lvof]; . p;n] cfˆgf] ljzfn x[bosf] kl/rodf ub}{ cfPsf]
sfd k|lt cys agf]; . kf6L{ / hgtfk|lt /fd|f] ;DaGwsf] ;[hgf ug{ ;sf]; / JolQmut
:jfy{ gxf];\ . æTo:tfx?nfO{ dfq sDo'lgi6 eGg ;lsG5Æ s] dfcf]sf] egfOg';f/ 5g\
g]kfnsf dfcf]afbLx? < dfcf]sf] :jt+qtfsf] n8fO+ ljifosf] 5gf}6 sfdk|ltsf]
JofQm wf/0ff -;]K6]Da/ &, !(#&_ . g]kfnsf dfcf]afbLx?n] dfcf]sf ljrf/x?
c+lusf/ u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < lgxfn]/ x]g{'k5{ . dfcf]n] ljleGg ljifodf cfˆgf
wf/0ffx? cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]n] cfˆgf] ;+3if{/t hLjgdf ljleGg kIfdf k|sfz
kf/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] /fhlgtLsf] u'bL n8fO+ eg]sf] s'g} afbsf] xf]Og . jf:tljs
n8fO+ ssl;o;af6 v]lbPsf O/fg, ef/t x'Fb} jt{dfg g]kfn leq]sf lxGb'cfo{ / oxfFsf
d"njf;L clxGb' dfemsf] xf] . tyfslyt Pdfn]n] lj/f6gu/ clwj]zgaf6
cflbaf;Lsf] ljNnf le/fO lbP . lsgls afx'g 5]qL klg cflbaf;L ePsfn] æltdLx? klg
aflx/af6 cyjf pQ/ lt/af6 cfPsf cflbaf;L xfdL blIf0f lt/af6 leq]sf cflbaf;LÆ eg]
kl5 n07} ;fkm x'g] ef] . t}+ r'k d}+ r'k ;d:of vtd . k/Gt' !(^) ;fn kl5 cyf{t
!^ aif{ cl3 ef/tLo ljZj lxGb' kl/ifb / afx'gafbsf] xltof/ baf{/n] lxGb' /fi6«
agfP/ To;} klg xfdLnfO{ -clxGb' a'lbi6, d';ndfg, l;s, h}g / lqmlZrog_ lxGb'
/fi6«sf z/0ffyL{ agfPsf lyP . !(() kl5 cyf{t !^ aif{ cl3 >L ^ afx'gx? /
ef/tLo afx'g ;+u7gx?sf] leif0f / ljvfn' dxfhfn lj5ofP / >L % baf{/n] blnt
hghftL agfpg] egfpg] cleofg yfNof] . ;a} kf6L{x?n] olt ;Dd ls dfcf]afbLx? ;Ddn]
baf{/Lo o; ;8o+qnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/] . x/]s kf6L{ leq bofsf] levf/L ag]/
a;]sfx?nfO{ blnt hghftL agfpg] egfpg cleofg rnfof] s/f]8f}+ ah]6g} 5'6ofP/ .
;+rf/ dfWodx? klg o; cleofgdf gh'6g] k|Zgg} ePg . blnt hghftL lxGb' ;dfh leqs}
afx'gsf] k}tfnf eP/ a:g / j;fpg k8] n]v]sf t/ a'4L–
xf/fx?sf] hdftnfO{ ;fgf] ltgf] u'hf/f rNg] gf]s/L lbP/ s]xL d'n's 3'Dg lbP kl5
dSv . lsg ls Tof] eGbf dfly ltgLx?n] ;f]Rgg} ;Qm}gg\ . blnt hghftL agfO;s] kl5
cyf{t egfO;s] kl5 ltgLx?nfO{ ;f]em} v]bg ;lhnf]ef] lsgls hghftL lxGb' ;dfhs}
afx'gsf] k}tfnf clt;'b| xf] . logLx?nfO{ ef/tdf aghf/f, lkml/+u] klg elgG5 /
c+u|]hLdf gf]Dof8, lhK;L (Nomad,
gypsy) . oxL /fhfsf
k'vf{n] ;'b|, dtjfnL agfpg P]g agfP/ ;'b| -afx'gsf] v'§f s's'/ ;/x_ agfP . oxL
/fhfsf k'vf{n] lxGb' /fi6« 3f]if0ff u/]/ xfdLnfO{ cfˆg} d'n'sdf z/0ffyL{ agfP .
log} /fh vns x'g blnt hghftL ;[hgf u/]/ v]bg] ;'/s:g] klg . ca log}
n'6]/fx?nfO{ v]bg sd/ lsg gs:g] < d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg kfFrj6f qmflGt
rfxG5 . o;} sf/0f lgnf] /+u zfGtLsf] /+udf kfFr sf]0f ePsf] tf/f 5 . cyf{t xfdL
zfGtL k"0f{ 9+usf] qmflGt rfxG5f}+ . lt kf+r qmflGt x'gM !_ /fhg}lts
qmflGt @_ wfld{s qmflGt #_ cfly{s qmflGt $_ z}lIfs qmflGt %_ ;fdflhs qmflGt .
cfh dfcf]jfbL nufot s'g} klg kf6L{ xfdLnfO{ ;snL efiff af]Ng lbg tof/ 5}g .
Tof] ;snL efiff xf] clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] . logLx?n] s]jn gsnL efiff
af]ln /x]sf 5g\ . af]Ng nufO /x]sf 5g\ h'g gsnL efiffn] xfd|f] ktg l;jfo s]xL
ug{ ;Qm}g . cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf] lglDt ca ;a} kfl6{ / k]zfdf ePsf g]kfn / g]kfn
aflx/ ePsf lzlIft / clzlIft ;a}n] a'e\mg a'emfpg ;Sg' k5{ . cfhsf] lk8L /
ef]nLsf] lk8LnfO{ . gsnL efiff gsnL af]nLn] gsnL ;dfhg} ;[hgf u5{ h;sf] dxTjg}
x'Fb}gÙ ;snLsf] cl3 . s] lktn kx]nf] eP/ 6Nsg] ljlQs} / cfh ahf/df b]vf k/]sf,
a]Rg /flvPsf gsnL ;'gsf u/ uxgfx? ;'g h:t} b]lvP klg To;n] ;'gsf] df]n kfpF5
< ;'gf/n] s;Ldf 3f]6] kl5 ;'g 7x5{ < blnt hghftL klg o:t} gsnL ;'g x'g /
xfdL d"naf;L (Indigenous) nfO{ cfk"m eGg glbg] kf6L{x?
klg . lxGb' ;dfhsf] c5't hghftLn] gf]Dofª, lhK;L Oo/ gdgfP/ lsg ljZj ;d'bfonfO{
7Ug / /sd w'Tgsf] lglDt d"naf;L aif{ (Indigenous year) dgfpF5g < o:tf 7u hdftaf6 ;ts{ /xg} k5{ . cl:tTj, Oht,
efjL lk8L / cfˆg} klg eljiosf] lglDt .
d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgsf]
em08fsf] tn /ftf] /+udf qmflGtsf] lrGx / ljZj k|Voft v's'/L klg 5 . cfsfz] /+u
lgnf] /+u zfGtLsf] /+usf] ;xf/f lng' kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] kf+r qmflGt k'/f ePg
eg] tnsf] /ftf] /+u qmflGtsf] /+un] klg sfd u5f}{ . xfd|f] qmflGt eof] eg]
s[ifsn] 3fF; sf6\g] xl;of / af;sf] lsnf 7f]Sg] xyf}8fsf] x'g] 5}g . ;a}n]
b]lv;s] cj t
/fhg}lts zlQm eg]sf] s] xf] < sltn] eGg] u/]sf] ;'lgG5 æd+uf]nx? sfuhL af3
x'g\Æ eGg]x? klg d+uf]n dfcf]afbL l;kfxL g} xg\ / p;sf] l;df / 3]/f klg Toltg}
xf] . sfuhL af3 s;nfO{ slta]nf eg]sf lyP dfcf]n] yfxf 5 < t/ dfcf]n] æsfuhL
af3 ;fFr}sf] af3 klg x'g ;S5Æ klg eg]sf lyP !($( df Ps hgf cd]l/sL kqsf/ o'jtL
;+u . sndn] Ps} kN6df xhf/f} a'n]6 lgsfNg ;S5, uf]nL aiff{pg ;S5 . o;} sf/0f
d}n] !(&( b]lv s}of} n]v, ;DkfbsLo n]v]/ g]kfnL] /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfO,
cl:tTjsf] vf]h d+uf]nsf] / PdPgcf]df lkPr8L / of] t]>f] /fhg}lts k':ts
g]kfnL
/fhlgtLdf d+uf]nafb–afx'gafb–dfcf]afb n]v]/ bnbn] ef;df 8'j]/ lgbfO /x]sf ljzfn
d+uf]n ;d'bfonfO{ ljp+emfpgsf] lglDt snd rnf+P . s;}n] gh/ c+bfh u/]/
cjd"No u/of] eg] xfd|f] 3f]if0ff kqdf n]lvP adf]lhd / xfd|f] em08fdf c+lst
ePg';f/ d}bfgdf cf]n{g klg lxrlsrfx6 x'g] 5}g . ;+sf]r dflgg] 5}g . t/ xfd|f]
k|fyldQmf xf] lgnf] /+u zflGtsf] /+u . dnfO{ yfxf 5 xltof/ p7fpg ;lhnf] 5
lj;fpg nufpg ufx|f] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df xltof/ p7] kl5 Tof] xltof/nfO{ yfxf 5
s;nfO{ xfGg' k5{ eg]/ . Tof] xltof/ cfˆgf] u'd]sf] df6f] u'd]sf] 5fgf, dfgf,
gfgf u'd]sf] cl:tTjsf] lglDt g} x'g] 5 / xltof/ p7fpg' eg]sf] s'g} k|of;n] klg
sfd u/]g eg] clGtd k|of]usf] lglDt xf] . xltof/ k|of]u n'6]/ df]h ug{ 3/af/
hf]8g, d'n'snfO{ cft+lst jgfP/ wg cfh{gsf] lglDt dfq xf]Og . xfdL d+uf]n /fi6«
leqsf /fi6«x? xf}+ . yf?, td', du/, /fO, lnDa', g]jf/, tfdfª, lwdfn, sf]r],
d]r] ;di7Ldf d+uf]n . clwsf/sf] lglDt xf] . hf] k':tf} k':tfb]lv vf]l;Psf] 5
n'l6Psf] 5 . xfdL ljb]zdf @% nfv h;f] c? s} lglDt d/]sf 5f}+ . To;/L hf]xf]
u/]sf] ;Dklt lxGb' cfo{n] ;vfk kfl/lbPsf] 5 .
;a} kf6L{sf] p7g] / n'6g]
7fpF eg]sf] a[xb hgtf xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df a[xb hgtf eg]sf] *)Ü clxGb"
d"naf;L d+uf]n xf] . dfcf]jfbLsf] hu klg clzlIft agfOPsf k5f}6fOPsf
d"naf;L d+uf]n g} xf] . xfdLnfO{ of] l:yltdf k'/fpg] klg logLx?sf k'vf{ x'g
. dfcf]afbLsf] ;DjGw cd]l/sfsf] qmflGtsf/L (revolutionary party) kf6L{ . j]nfotsf] l/d (revolutionary movement) . ef/tsf] lkkN; jf/ u|'k (People's War Group) ;+u xf] . tfldn lbg]df
>Ln+sfsf] Pnl66LO (LTTE) klg xf] . d}n] dflyg} pNn]v u/]sf]
5' ef/tsf] lkkN; af/ u|'ksf ;+:yfks k|d'vn] g} æPs]–$& n] n8fO+ lhltb}g,
eg]/ xltof/ yGsfP/ dfcf]afbLsf] la/f]wdf lˆnd klg agfO;s]sf] 5 . @))! df d
k|jfl;P/ a:g'kbf{ -cl:tTjsf] vf]h d+uf]nsf] / PdPgcf]df lkPr8L n]v] afkt_ s'g}
ljb]zL k]k/sf] l/kf]{6g';f/ dfcf]afbLn] Jof+sx? n'6]/ hgtfaf6 xltof/sf] e/df
n'6sf] ;Dklt Ps c/a ePsf] atfOPsf] lyof] . To:t} tyf slyt Pdfn]n] gf} dxLg]
zf;gdf sdfPsf] ;Dklt klg Ps c/j 5 eg]/ s]xL Pdfn]x?n] g} c?nfO{ k|nf]eg lbPsf]
;'lgPsf] 5 . s+u|];Lx?df t 5f]6f] cjwLdf ;'hftf h:tfn] 5f]/Lsf] ljx]df vr{
u/]sL em08} s/f]8f} ?lkofn]g} k|df0f lbG5 . la/]Gb|sf] lax]df ef/tsf] lAnhn]
n]v]sf] lyof] æu/La b]zsf] wgL /fhfsf]Æ ljx] eg]/ . ;'hftfsf] ;Gbe{df u/La d'n'ssL yf]/}
;dodf wgL ag]sL s+u|;L g]tf eg]s} 7xl/G5 . 1fg]Gb|sf] t &@ v/j,
efph'sf] dfq !# c/a :6flnª kfp08 / c?sf] t slt xf] slt . ;fwf/0f hgtfn] t sNkgf
ug{ g} ;Qm}g c/a / v/aklt xf] eg]/ . ef]nL d"naf;L d+uf]nnfO{ em'Sofpg
g;Sg] l:yltdf / xfdLnfO{ g} n'6g] qmddf oL ;a} c/aklt Ps h'6 eO xfNg] 5g\ .
logLx?nfO{ n'6g ;3fpg] ;a} kf6L{sf d+uf]nx?s} klg xftdf z'Go / n'l6g]df xfdL
ax' ;+Vofs d"naf;L d+uf]n kg]{ 5f}+ . ef/tdf af]n]leofdf sDo'lgi6sf] gfddf
/ s+u|]; /fO6ljªsf] gfddf ToxLsf] d"naf;LnfO{ n'6]/ cfk"mx? ;DkGg eP
h:t} dfq xf] g]kfndf klg . cGt dfcf]afbLx? klg tfgfzfxL Ps t+qLo sDo'lgi6 ljrf/
Tofu]/ ax'blnof k|lt :kbf{df cf]n{g' g} plrt 7x5{ . tf ls sd{ 5]qdf ul/Psf]
sd{sf] cfwf/df hgtfn] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;sf]; / >bf hfUg ;sf]; . cft+sn]
>bf hfUb}g 3[0ff dfq k}bf x'G5 . Tof] l9nf] rfF8f] 9N5 g} 9N5 .
/l;ofdf n]lng 9n], O6nLdf d';f]lngL 9n], hd{gdf lx6n/ 9n], g]kfndf 1fg]Gb| 9n]
. of] 9Ng] qmd hf/L g} 5 . o;} sf/0f xf] ;+;f/sf] @@ j6f sDo'lgi6 d'n'sx? 9n]/
gf}df eml/;Sof] . of] oxfFsf clxGb' d"naf;L d+uf]nn] ;do 5+b} a'e\mg' k5{
. d}n] hltsf] lgle{s / OdfGbf/Ltf ;fy clxGb" d"naf;L d+uf]nsf] enf] /
pTyfgsf] lglDt sf]xL klg s'g} klg xfntdf dl/d]6g g lxhf] ;s]sf] lyof] g t cfh
g} ;s]sf] 5 . ef]nLsf] ;To syf t ef]nL n] g} b]vfpg] 5 . lsg ls of] d}n] ;fFr]/
/fv]sf] afFr]/ k'/f ug]{ cfGt/Ls / clGtd nIo klg xf] . hxfF ef]nLsf clxGb"
d"naf;L d+uf]nx? cefj u|:t lhGbuLaf6 d'Qm eO lzlIft eP/ xfF;]/ afFRg ;sf];
. cfˆgf cfdf afa'n] 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] cfFvfdf 5fgf, dfgf, gfgfsf] cefjdf clj/n
cfF;' au]sf] x]g{ gk/f];\ .
n]vssf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro–
uf]kfn u'?ª PdP /fhlgtL
;+:yfks Pj+ k|]l;8]06 d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg
hGdM h'nfO{ @&, !(#%
k"j{ k|sfzs, ;Dkfbs, Go"nfO6, y08/jf]N6 ;fKtfxLs
k"j{ ;Nnfxfsf/, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfn kqsf/ ;+3
k"j{ sg;n6of06, sf]cf]l8{g]6/ k|]; kmfp08]zg ckm Pl;of dlgnf, lkmlnlkG;
k"j{ dxf;lrj ljZj g]kfnL ;+3
z]if ofqf, z]if k|f0f,
z]if k|Zg, z]if sljtf -!(^$–^% df k|sflzt_ g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf cb]vf ;+rfO{ -!(*%_
bf]>f] -!(**_ t]>f]
-!((#_ rf}yf] kN6 c+u|]hLdf Hidden Facts in Nepalese Politics
-!(($_Ù kfFrf} ;+:s/0f @))^ . of] ToxL k':ts xf] h;sf] sf/0f b'Oj6f /fhb|f]xL
d'4fdf tLg jif{ h]n sf6\g' k¥of] . g]kfn / l;lsdsf] /fhlgtLdf gf}nf] c5't
hghftL -lkml/+u]_ ;d'bfo ;[hgf klxnf] kN6 d] !((* bf]>f] h'nfO{ !((* df
t]>f] kN6 c+u]|hL ;+:s/0f Newly Created Untouchable Janjati (nomad, gypsy) Society in Nepalese and
Sikimese Politick
rf}yf] kN6 c+u|]hLdf cS6f]a/ !((* df / !((( df k|sflzt . cl:tTjsf] vf]h
d+uf]nsf] / PdPgcf]df 8S6/]6 -lkPr8L_ klxnf] kN6 dfr{ @))! df / o;sf] c+u|]hL
;+:s/0f In Quest of
Mongol Entity and Doctorate (PhD) on MNO h'nfO{ @))! . of] k':ts k|sflzt kl5 k':ts hkmt ul/of] . Ps
jif{ e"ldut / lgjf{l;t hLjg ljtfpg' k¥of] . d]/f] cg'kl:yltdf d]/L alxgL
nufot b'O sfo{stfn] k'ln; lx/f;tdf dlxgf} latfpg' k¥of] . g]kfnL /fhlgtLdf
d+uf]nafb–afx'gafb–dfcf]afb klxnf] ;+:s/0f @))^ . bf]>f] ;+:s/0f @))& .
n]vssf cg]sf} n]v syf, sljtfx? ef/t / g]kfnaf6 dfq geP/, sf]/Lof, hd{gL /
OG8f]g]lzofaf6 klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .
Pj+/Ltn] kl/ro klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
e]6 3f6sf] qmddfM pQ/ sf]l/ofsf :j+
/fi6«klt lsd On ;'ª, >Ln+sfnL
k"= /fi6«ktL hofjb{g], hd{gsf k"j{ rfG;n/ x]nd]6sf]n, :j= /fhf
dx]Gb|, :j= /fhf lj/]Gb|, :j= l;lsd]nL 5of]Uofn nufot ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'ssf
g]tfx? / kqsf/x?l;t e]63f6 ePsf] 5 . e|d0fsf] qmddf ef/tsf] ljleGg Onfsf afx]s
ef]6fª, Dofgdf/ -adf{_ a+unfb]z, yfONof08, rLg, pQ/ sf]l/of, xf]ªsf]ª, hd{g /
hfkfg k'Ug] sfd ePsf] 5 .